1887

Chapter 7 : Clinical Significance of and Related Species Other Than and

Authors: Albert J. Lastovica1, Ban Mishu Allos2
VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations: 1: Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; 2: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, A 2200 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2008

Category: Bacterial Pathogenesis

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Ebook: Choose a downloadable PDF or ePub file. Chapter is a downloadable PDF file. File must be downloaded within 48 hours of purchase

Buy this Chapter
Digital (?) $15.00

Preview this chapter:
Preview Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

Clinical Significance of and Related Species Other Than and , Page 1 of 2

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815554/9781555814373_Chap07-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815554/9781555814373_Chap07-2.gif

Abstract:

This chapter describes the microbiology, epidemiology, and clinical features of infection with species other than subsp. and that are associated with human disease. The major habitat of is the intestine, and it is commonly isolated from healthy sheep and cattle. infections are often prolonged and result in relapse, but most patients will recover with appropriate antibiotic treatment and medical procedures. is a recognized human pathogen in both healthy and immunocompromised patients. was identified and suggested as a possible cause of proliferative enteritis in pigs. Six species have an essential growth requirement for hydrogen or formate. A membrane-bound hemolytic phospholipase was detected and characterized in clinical strains of isolated from Australian children with gastroenteritis. The presence of this potential virulence factor suggests is an opportunistic pathogen. Two recent reviews summarize clinical presentation, pathogenicity, and other aspects of infection. The chapter also describes other and species. The clinical relevance of the newly recognized species has yet to be determined. PCR assays for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of the genera and individual species of , , and may make this task easier. Appreciation and application of an efficient protocol is essential for the isolation of non-jejuni, non-coli species for surveillance, epidemiological, and other studies.

Citation: Lastovica A, Allos B. 2008. Clinical Significance of and Related Species Other Than and , p 123-149. In Nachamkin I, Szymanski C, Blaser M (ed), , Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815554.ch7

Key Concept Ranking

Cytolethal Distending Toxin
0.5197368
Campylobacter jejuni
0.47507882
0.5197368
Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

Figures

Clinical Significance of Campylobacter and Related Species Other Than Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555815554.ch07-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555815554.ch07-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Albert J., foaf_name=Albert J. Lastovica, foaf_surname=Lastovica, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555815554.ch07-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555815554.ch07-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555815554.ch07-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Ban Mishu, foaf_name=Ban Mishu Allos, foaf_surname=Allos, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555815554.ch07-aff2]]}]]
Citation: Lastovica A, Allos B. 2008. Clinical Significance of and Related Species Other Than and , p 123-149. In Nachamkin I, Szymanski C, Blaser M (ed), , Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815554.ch7
/content/10.1128/9781555815554.ch07.ch07fig01
Figure 1.
A 4-day-old pure growth of after filtration of a stool specimen onto an antibiotic-free blood-agar plate.
10.1128/9781555815554/f0126-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815554/f0126-01.gif
Image of Figure 1.
Figure 1.

A 4-day-old pure growth of after filtration of a stool specimen onto an antibiotic-free blood-agar plate.

Citation: Lastovica A, Allos B. 2008. Clinical Significance of and Related Species Other Than and , p 123-149. In Nachamkin I, Szymanski C, Blaser M (ed), , Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815554.ch7
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555815554.ch07.ch07fig02
Figure 2.
Culture plate showing the spreading, noncolonial growth of (top) contrasted with the domed colonies of (bottom).
10.1128/9781555815554/f0129-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815554/f0129-01.gif
Image of Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Culture plate showing the spreading, noncolonial growth of (top) contrasted with the domed colonies of (bottom).

Citation: Lastovica A, Allos B. 2008. Clinical Significance of and Related Species Other Than and , p 123-149. In Nachamkin I, Szymanski C, Blaser M (ed), , Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815554.ch7
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555815554.ch07
1. Aabenhus, R.,, S. L. On,, B. L. Siemer,, H. Permin, and, L. P. Andersen. 2005. Delineation of Campylobacter concisus genomo-species by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis and correlation of results with clinical data. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:5091–5096.
2. Aabenhus, R.,, H. Permin,, S. L. On, and, L. P. Andersen. 2002. Prevalence of Campylobacter concisus in diarrhoea of immunocompromised patients. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 34:248–252.
3. Akhtar, N., and, A. Eley. 1992. Restriction endonuclease analysis and ribotyping differentiate genital and nongenital strains of Bacteroides ureolyticus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:2408–2414.
4. Albert, M. J.,, W. Tee,, A. Leach,, V. Asche, and, J. L. Penner. 1992. Comparison of a blood free medium and a filtration technique for the isolation of a Campylobacter spp. from diarrhoeal stools of hospitalized patients in central Australia. J. Med. Microbiol. 37:176–179.
5. Allos, B. M. 2001. Campylobacter jejuni infections: update on emerging issues and trends. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32:1201–1206.
6. Allos, B. M.,, R. J. Moore,, P. M. Griffin, and, R. V. Tauxe. 2004. Surveillance for sporadic foodbourne disease in the 21st century: the FoodNet perspective. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38 (Suppl 3):S115–S120.
7. Alvarez, O. A.,, F. Vanegas,, G. L. Maze,, G. W. Gross, and, M. Lee. 2000. Polymicrobial cholangitis and liver abscess in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. South. Med. J. 93:232–234.
8. Anderson, K. F.,, J. A. Kielbauch,, D. C. Anderson,, H. M. McClure, and, I. K. Wachmuth. 1993. Arcobacter (Campylobacter)butzleri– associated diarrheal illness in a non-human primate population. Infect. Immun. 61:2220–2223.
9. Atabay, H. I.,, J. E. Corry, and, S. L. On. 1998. Diversity and prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in broiler chickens. J. Appl. Microbiol. 84:1007–1016.
10. Bär, W.,, G. Márquez de Bär,, H.-M. Nitschke,, A. Schiessler,, G. Mauff,, A. Goldmann,, B. Steinbrueckner,, G. Härter, and, M. Kist. 1998. Endocarditis associated with Campylobacter fetus, p. 162–165. In A. J. Lastovica,, D. G. Newell, and, E. E. Lastovica (ed.), Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms. Institute of Child Health, Cape Town, South Africa.
11. Benjamin, J.,, S. Leaper,, R. J. Owen, and, M. B. Skirrow. 1983. Description of Campylobacter laridis, a new species comprising the nalidixic acid resistant thermophilic Campylobacter (NARTC) group. Curr. Microbiol. 8:231–238.
12. Bézian, M. C.,, G. Ribou,, C. Barberis-Giletti, and, F. Mégraud. 1990. Isolation of a urease positive thermophilic variant of Campylobacter lari from a patient with urinary tract infection. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 9:895–897.
13. Blaser, M. J.,, D. N. Taylor, and, R. A. Feldman. 1983. Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections. Epidemiol. Rev. 5:157–176.
14. Bokkenheuser, V. 1970. Vibrio fetus infection in man. Ten new cases and some epidemiological observations. Am. J. Epidemiol. 91:400–409.
15. Bolton, F. J.,, D. Coates,, D. N. Hutchinson, and, A. F. Godfree. 1987. A study of thermophilic Campylobacter in a river system. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 62:167–176.
16. Borczyk, A.,, H. Lior,, A. McKeown, and, H. Svendsen. 1987a. Isolations of Campylobacter sputorum associated with human infection, p. 166–167. In B. Kaijser, and, E. Falsen (ed.), Campylobacter IV. University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden.
17. Borczyk, A.,, S. Thompson,, D. Smith, and, H. Lior. 1987b. Water-borne outbreak of Campylobacter laridis-associated gastroenteritis. Lancet i:164–165.
18. Boudreau, M.,, R. Higgins, and, K. R. Mittal. 1991. Biochemical and serological characterization of Campylobacter cryaerophila. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:54–58.
19. Bourke, B.,, V. L. Chan, and, P. Sherman. 1998. Campylobacter upsaliensis: waiting in the wings. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11:440–449.
20. Bourke, B.,, P. M., Sherman,, D. Woodward,, H. Lior, and, V. L. Chan. 1996. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis indicates genotypic heterogeneity among Campylobacter upsaliensis strains. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 143:57–61.
21. Bracikowski, J. P.,, I. E. Hess, and, M. F. Rein. 1984. Campylobacter osteomyelitis. Southern Med. J. 77:1611–1613.
22. Brennhoud, O.,, G. Kapperud, and, G. Langeland. 1992. Survey of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia spp. in three surface water sources in Norway. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 15:327–328.
23. Breynaert, J.,, P. Vandamme, and, S. Lauwers. 1998. Review of 9 cases of human infection with Campylobacter hyointestinalis, p. 428–431. In A. J. Lastovica,, D. G. Newell, and, E. E. Lastovica (ed.), Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms. Institute of Child Health, Cape Town, South Africa.
24. Brown, W. J., and, R. Sautter. 1977. Campylobacter fetus septicemia with concurrent salpingitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 6:72–75.
25. Bruneau, B.,, L. Burc,, C. Bizet,, N. Lambert-Zechovsky, and, C. Branger. 1998. Purulent pleurisy caused by Campylobacter lari. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 17:185–188.
26. Burman, W. J.,, D. L. Cohn,, R. R. Reeves, and, M. L. Wilson. 1995. Multifocal cellulitis and monoarticular arthritis as manifestations of Helicobacter cinaedi bacteremia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20:564–570.
27. Burnens, A. P.,, B. Angeloy-Wick, and, J. Nicolet. 1992. Comparison of Campylobacter carriage rates in diarrheic and healthy pet animals. J. Vet. Med. Ser. B 39:175–180.
28. Burnens, A. P., and, J. Nicolet. 1993. Three supplementary diagnostic tests for Campylobacter species and related organisms. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:708–710.
29. Burnens, A. P.,, J. Stanley,, V. B. Schaad, and, J. Nicolet. 1993. Novel Campylobacter-like organism resembling Helicobacter fennelliae isolated from a boy with gastroenteritis and from dogs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:1916–1917.
30. Butzler, J. P., and, M. B. Skirrow. 1979. Campylobacter enteritis. Clin. Gastroenterology 8:737–765.
31. Carbone, K. M.,, M. C. Heinrich, and, T. C. Quinn. 1985. Thrombophlebitis and cellulitis due to Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus. Medicine 64:244–250.
32. Carter, J. E., and, N. Cimolai. 1996. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with acute Campylobacter upsaliensis gastroenteritis. Nephron 74:489. (Letter.)
33. Ceelen, L.,, A. Decostere,, G. Verschraegen,, R. Ducatelle, and, F. Haesebrouck. 2005. Prevalence of Helicobacter pullorum among patients with gastrointestinal disease and clinically healthy persons. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:2984–2986.
34. Centers for Disease Control. 1981. Campylobacter sepsis associated with “nutritional therapy”—California. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 30:294–295.
35. Chambers, S. T.,, S. C. Morpeth, and, H. M. Laird. 2005. Campylobacter fetus prosthetic hip joint infection: successful management with device retention and review. J. Infect. 50:258–261.
36. Collins, H. S.,, A. Blevins, and, E. Baxter. 1964. Protracted bacteremia and meningitis due to Vibrio fetus. Arch. Intern. Med. 113:361–364.
37. Cone, L. A.,, P. B. Dreisbach,, J. Hirschberg,, C. Shekar,, L. P. Dreisbach, and, W. Salatich. 2003. Cellulitis and septic arthritis caused by Campylobacter fetus and Campylobacter jejuni: report of 2 cases and review of the literature. J. Clin. Rheumatol. 9:362–369.
38. Costas, M.,, R. J. Owen, and, P. H. J. Jackman. 1987. Classification of Campylobacter sputorum and allied campylobacters based on numerical analysis of electrophoretic patterns. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 9:125–131.
39. Da Silva Tatley, F.,, A. J. Lastovica, and, L. M. Steyn. 1992. Plasmid profiles of “Campylobacter upsaliensis” isolated from blood cultures and stools of paediatric patients. J. Med. Microbiol. 37:8–14.
40. David, J.,, R. M. Nasser,, J. W. Goldberg,, K. D. Reed, and, M. D. Earll. 2005. Bilateral prosthetic knee infection by Campylobacter fetus. J. Arthroplasty 20:401–405.
41. Davies, A. P.,, C. J. Beghart, and, S. A. Meric. 1984. Campylobacter associated chronic diarrhea in a dog. Am. J. Vet. Med. 184:469–471.
42. Dediste, A.,, A. Aeby,, A. Ebraert,, L. Vlaes,, R. Tridiani,, O. Vandenberg,, J.-M. Devaster,, P. Vandamme, and, J.-P. Butzler. 1998. Arcobacter in stools: clinical features, diagnosis and antibiotic susceptibility. p. 436–439. In A. J. Lastovica,, D. G. Newell, and, E. E. Lastovica (ed.), Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms. Institute of Child Health, Cape Town, South Africa.
43. Devlin, H. R., and, L. McIntyre. 1983. Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus in homosexual males. J. Clin. Microbiol. 18:999–1000.
44. Dickgiesser, N.,, G. Kasper, and, W. Kihm. 1983. Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus bacteraemia: a patient with liver cirrhosis. Infection 11:288.
45. Donachie, S. P.,, J. P. Bowman,, S. L. On, and, M. Alam. 2005. Arcobacter halophilus sp. nov., the first obligate halophile in the genus Arcobacter. Int. J. System. Evol. Microbiol. 55:1271–1277.
46. Dronda, F.,, I. Garcia-Arata,, E. Navas, and, L. de Rafael. 1998. Meningitis in adults due to Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27:906–907.
47. Edmonds, P.,, C. M. Patton,, T. J. Barrett,, G. K. Morris,, A. G. Steigerwalt, and, D. J. Brenner. 1985. Biochemical and genetic characteristics of atypical Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus strains isolated from humans in the United States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:936–940.
48. Edmonds, P.,, C. M. Patton,, P. M. Griffin,, T. J. Barett,, G. P. Schmid,, C. N. Baker,, M. A. Lambert, and, D. J. Brenner. 1987. Campylobacter hyointestinalis associated with human gastrointestinal disease in the United States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:685–691.
49. Ellis, W. A.,, S. D. Neill,, J. J. O’Brien,, H. W. Ferguson, and, J. Hanna. 1977. Isolation of spirillium/vibrio-like organisms from bovine fetuses. Vet. Rec. 100:451–452.
50. Engberg, J.,, D. D. Bang,, R. Aabenhus,, F. M. Aarestrup,, V. Fussing, and, P. Gerner-Smidt. 2005. Campylobacter concisus: an evaluation of certain phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 11:288–295.
51. Engberg, J.,, S. L. On,, C. S. Harrington, and, P. Gerner-Smidt. 2000. Prevalence of Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Helicobacter, and Sutterella spp. in human fecal samples as estimated by a reevaluation of isolation methods for campylobacters. J. Clin Microbiol. 38:286–291.
52. Etoh, Y.,, F. E. Dewhirst,, B. J. Paster,, A. Yamamoto, and, N. Goto. 1993. Campylobacter showae sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43:631–639.
53. Evans, T. G., and, D. Riley. 1992. Campylobacter laridis colitis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient treated with a quinolone. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15:172–173.
54. Farrugia, D. C.,, S. J. Eykyn, and, E. G. Smyth. 1994. Campylobacter fetus endocarditis: two case reports and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 18:443–446.
55. Fennell, C. J.,, P. A. Totten,, T. C. Quinn,, C. L. Patton,, K. K. Holmes, and, W. E. Stamm. 1984. Characterization of Campylobacter-like organisms isolated from homosexual men. J. Infect. Dis. 149:58–66.
56. Fennell, C. L.,, A. M., Rompalo,, P. A. Totten,, K. L. Bruch,, B. M. Flores, and, W. E. Stamm. 1986. Isolation of “Campylobacter hyointestinalis” from a human. J. Clin. Microbiol. 24:146–148.
57. Férnandez, H.,, U. Fagundes,, S. Ogatha,, U. F. Neto, and, U. S. Ogatha. 1997. Acute diarrhoea associated with Campylobacter jejuni subsp. doylei in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Infect. Dis. J. 16:1098–1099. (Letter.)
58. Fick, R. B.,, R. Isturiz, and, E. C. Cadman. 1979. Campylobacter fetus septic arthritis: report of a case. Yale J. Biol. Med. 52:339–344.
59. Figura, N.,, P. Gugliemetti,, A. Zanchi,, N. Partini,, D. Armellini,, P. F. Bayeli,, M. Bugnoli, and, S. Verdiani. 1993. Two cases of Campylobacter mucosalis enteritis in children. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:727–728.
60. Florent, A. 1959. Les deux vibriosis génitales: la vibriose due àV. foetus venerialis et la vibriose d’origine intestinale due àV. foetus intestinalis. Meded. Veeartsenijsch. Rijksuniv. Gent 3:1–60.
61. Flores, B. M.,, C. L. Fennell,, K. K. Holmes, and, W. E. Stamm. 1985. In vitro susceptibility of Campylobacter-like organisms to twenty antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 28:188–191.
62. Flores, B. M.,, C. L. Fennell,, L. Kuller,, M. A. Brondson,, W. R. Morton, and, W. Stamm. 1990. Experimental infection of pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) with Campylobacter cinaedi and Campylobacter fennelliae. Infect. Immun. 58:3947–3953.
63. Flores, B. M.,, C. L. Fennell, and, W. E. Stamm. 1989. Characterization of Campylobacter cinaedi and Campylobacter fennelliae antigens and analysis of human immune response. J. Infect. Dis. 159:635–640.
64. Font, C.,, A. Cruceta,, A. Moreno,, O. Miro,, B. Coll-Vinent,, M. Almela, and, J. Mensa. 1997. [A study of 30 patients with bacteremia due to Campylobacter spp.]Med. Clin. (Barc.). 108:336–340. (In Spanish.)
65. Foster, G.,, B. Holmes,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, P. A. Lawson,, P. Thorne,, D. E. Bryer,, H. M. Ross,, J. Xerry., P. M. Thompson, and, M. D. Collins. 2004. Campylobacter insulaenigrae sp. nov., isolated from marine mammals. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54:2369–2373.
66. Fouts, D. E.,, E. F. Mongodin,, R. E. Mandrell,, W. G. Miller,, D. A. Rasko,, J. Ravel,, L. M. Brinkac,, R. T. DeBoy,, C. T. Parker,, S. C. Daugherty,, R. J. Dodson,, A. S. Durkin,, R. Madupu,, S. A. Sullivan,, J. U. Shetty,, M. A. Ayodeji,, A. Shvartsbeyn,, M. C. Schatz,, J. H. Badger,, C. M. Fraser, and, K. E. Nelson. 2005. Major structural differences and novel potential virulence mechanisms form the genomes of multiple Campylobacter species. PLoS Biol. 3(1):e15.
67. Fox, J. O.,, K. O. Maxwell,, N. S. Taylor,, C. D. Runsick,, P. Edmonds, and, D. J. Brenner. 1989. “Campylobacter upsaliensis” isolated from cats as identified by DNA relatedness and biochemical features. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:2376–2378.
68. Fujihara, N.,, S. Takakura,, T. Saito,, Y. Iinuma, and, S. Ichiyama. 2006. A case of perinatal sepsis by Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus infection successfully treated with carbapenem-case report and literature review. J. Infect. 53:e199–e202.
69. Garcia, M. M.,, M. D. Eaglesome, and, C. Rigby. 1983. Campylobacters important in veterinary medicine. Vet. Bull. 53:793–818.
70. Gaudreau, C., and, F. Lamonthe. 1992. Campylobacter upsaliensis isolated from a breast abscess. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:1354–1356.
71. Gebhart, C. J.,, P. Edmonds,, G. E. Ward,, H. J. Kurtz, and, D. J. Brenner. 1985. “Campylobacter hyointestinalis” sp. nov.: a new species of Campylobacter found in the intestines of pigs and other animals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:715–720.
72. Gebhart, C. J.,, C. L. Fennell,, M. P. Murtaugh, and, W. E. Stamm. 1989. Campylobacter cinaedi is the normal intestinal flora in hamsters. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:1692–1694.
73. Gebhart, C. J.,, M. P. Murtaugh,, G. F. Lin, and, G. E. Ward. 1990. Species-specific DNA probes for Campylobacter species isolated from pigs with proliferative enteritis. Vet. Microbiol. 24:367–379.
74. Gebhart, C. J.,, G. E. Ward,, K. Chang, and, H. J. Kurtz. 1983. Campylobacter hyointestinalis (new species) isolated from swine with lesions of proliferative ileitis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 44:361–367.
75. Glunder, G., and, S. Petermann. 1989. The occurrence and characterization of Campylobacter spp. in silver gulls (Larus argentatus), three toed gulls (Rissa tridactyla), and house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. B. 36:123–130.
76. Goossens, H.,, B. A. J. Giesendorf,, P. Vandamme,, L. Vlaes,, C. Van den Borre,, A. Koeken,, W. G. V. Quint,, W. Blomme,, P. Hanicq,, D. S. Koster,, H. Hofstra,, J.-P. Butzler, and, J. Van der Plas. 1995. Investigation of an outbreak of Campylobacter upsaliensis in day care centers in Brussels: analysis of relationships among isolates by phenotypic and genotypic typing methods. J. Infect. Dis. 172:1298–1305.
77. Goossens, H.,, B. Pot,, L. Vlaes,, C. Van den Borre,, R. Van den Abbeele,, C. Van Naelten,, J. Levy,, H. Gogniau,, P. Marbehant,, J. Verhoef,, K. Kersters,, J. P. Butzler, and, P. Vandamme. 1990. Characterization and description of “Campylobacter upsaliensis” isolated from human feces. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:1039–1046.
78. Goossens, H.,, L. Vlaes, and, J. P. Butzler,, A. Adnet,, P. Hanicq,, S. N’Jufom,, D. Massart,, G. DeSchrijver, and, W. Blomme. 1991. Campylobacter upsaliensis associated with canine infections. Lancet 337:1486–1487.
79. Gorkiewicz, G,, G. Feieri,, R. Zechner, and, E. L. Zechner. 2002. Transmission of Campylobacter hyointestinalis from a pig to a human. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:2601–2605.
80. Goudswaard, J.,, L. Sabbe, and, W. te Winkel. 1995. Reactive arthritis as a complication of Campylobacter lari enteritis. J. Infect. 31:171. (Letter.)
81. Grayson, M. L.,, W. Tee, and, B. Dwyer. 1989. Gastroenteritis associated with Campylobacter cinaedi. Med. J. Aust. 150:214.
82. Greig, A.,, D. Hanslo,, E. Le Roux, and, A. Lastovica. 1993. In-vitro activity of eight antimicrobial agents against pediatric isolates of C. concisus and C. mucosalis. Acta Gasteroenterol. Belg. 56(Suppl.):12.
83. Gude, A.,, T. J. Hillman,, C. R. Helps,, V. M. Allen, and, J. E. Corry. 2005. Ecology of Arcobacter species in chicken rearing and processing. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 41:82–87.
84. Guerrant, R. L.,, R. G. Lahita,, W. C. Winn Jr., and, R. B. Roberts. 1976. Campylobacteriosis in man: pathogenic mechanisms and review of 91 bloodstream infections. Am. J. Med. 65:584–592.
85. Gurgan, T., and, K. S. Diker. 1994. Abortion associated with Campylobacter upsaliensis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:93–94.
86. Hald, B., and, M. Madsen. 1997. Healthy puppies and kittens as carriers of Campylobacter spp., with special reference to Campylobacter upsaliensis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:3351–3352.
87. Han, X. Y.,, J. J. Tarrand, and, D. C. Rice. 2005. Oral Campylobacter species involved in extraoral abscess: a report of three cases. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:2513–2515.
88. Hanninen, M. L.,, L. Sarelli,, A. Sukura,, S. L. On,, C. S. Harrington,, P. Matero, and, V. Hirvela-Koski. 2002. Campylobacter hyoin- testinalis subsp. hyointestinalis, a common Campylobacter species in reindeer. J. Appl. Microbiol. 92:717–723.
89. Harmon, K. M., and, I. V. Wesley. 1997. Multiplex PCR for the identification of Arcobacter and differentiation of Arcobacter butzleri from other arcobacters. Vet. Microbiol. 58:215–278.
90. Harvey, S. M., and, J. R. Greenwood. 1983. Relationships among catalase-positive campylobacters determined by deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 33:275–284.
91. Heng, A. E.,, C. De Champs,, B. Souweine,, L. Guy,, J. Sirot, and, P. Deteix. 2002. Campylobacter fetus bacteraemia in a renal graft recipient. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 17:689–690.
92. Herve, J.,, N. Aissa,, P. Legrand,, M. Sorkine,, M. J. Calmette,, A. Santin,, E. Roupie, and, B. Renaud. 2004. Campylobacter fetus meningitis in a diabetic adult cured by imipenem. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 23:722–724.
93. Hill, J. E.,, A. Paccagnella,, K. Law,, L. Melito,, D. L. Woodward,, L. Price,, A., H. Leung,, L.-K. Ng,, S. M. Hemmingsen, and, S. H. Goh. 2006. Identification of Campylobacter spp. and discrimination from Helicobacter and Arcobacter spp. by direct sequencing of PCR-amplified cpn60 sequences and comparison to cpnDB, a chaperonin reference sequence database. J. Med. Microbiol. 55:393–399.
94. Ho, H. T.,, L. J. Lipman, and, W. Gaastra. 2006a. Arcobacter, what is known and unknown about a potential foodbourne zoonotic agent! Vet. Microbiol. 115:1–13.
95. Ho, T. K.,, L. J. Lipman,, L. van der Graaf-van Bloois,, M. van Bergen, and, W. Gaastra. 2006b. Potential routes of acquisition of Arcobacter species by piglets. Vet. Microbiol. 114:123–133.
96. Holst, E.,, C. Schalén, and, P.-A. Mårdh. 1987. Isolation of Campylobacter spp. from the vagina, p. 167–168. In B. Kaijser and, E. Falsen (ed.), Campylobacter IV. University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden.
97. Houf, K.,, S. L. On,, T. Coenye,, J. Mast,, J. Van Hoof, and, P. Vandamme. 2005. Arcobacter cibarius sp. nov., isolated from broiler carcasses. Int. J. System. Evol. Microbiol. 55:713–717 .
98. Houf, K., and, R. Stephan. 2007. Isolation and characterization of the emerging foodbourne pathogen Arcobacter from human stool. J. Microbiol. Methods 68:408–413.
99. Hsueh, P.-R.,, L.-J. Teng,, P.-C. Yang,, S.-K. Wang,, S.-C. Chang,, S.-W. Ho., W.-C. Hsieh, and, K.-T. Luh. 1997. Bacteraemia caused by Arcobacter cryaerophilus 1B. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:489–491.
100. Hum, S.,, K. Quinn,, J. Brunne, and, S. L. On. 1997. Evaluation of a PCR assay for the identification and differentiation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies. Aust. Vet. J. 75:827–831.
101. Hurtado, A, and, R. J. Owen. 1997. A molecular scheme based on 23S rRNA gene polymorphisms for rapid identification of Campylobacter and Arcobacter species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:2401–2404.
102. Inglis, G. D.,, T. A. McAllister,, H. W. Busz,, L. J. Yanke,, D. W. Morck,, M. E. Olson, and, R. R. Read. 2005. Effects of subtherapeutic administration of antimicrobial agents to beef cattle on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter hyointestinalis. App. Environ. Microbiol. 71:3872–2781.
103. International Union of Microbiological Societies. 1991. Validation of the publication of new names and new combinations previously published outside the IJSB. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41:331.
104. Istivan, T. S.,, P. J. Coloe,, B. N. Fry,, P. Ward, and, S. C. Smith. 2004. Characterization of a haemolytic phospholipase (A2) activity in clinical isolates of Campylobacter concisus. J. Med. Microbiol. 53:483–493.
105. Iwai, T.,, Y. Inoue,, M. Umeda,, Y. Huang,, N. Kurihara,, M. Koike, and, I. Ishikawa. 2005. Oral bacteria in the occluded arteries of patients with Buerger disease. J. Vasc. Surg. 42:107–115.
106. Jacob, J.,, D. Woodward,, I. Feuerpfeil, and, W. M. Johnson. 1998. Isolation of Arcobacter butzleri in raw water and drinking water treatment plants in Germany. Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed. 201:189–198.
107. Jensen, A. N.,, M. T. Andersen,, A. Dalsgaard,, D. L. Baggesen, and, E. M. Nielsen. 2005. Development of real-time PCR and hybridization methods for detection and identification of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in pig faecal samples. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:292–300.
108. Jirapongsananuruk, O.,, K. Wanotayan,, W. Phongsamart,, K. Chokephaibulkit,, N. Visitsunthorn,, V. Luangwedchakarn,, N. Vanprapar, and, P. Vichyanond. 2006. Recurrent Campylobacter lari bacteremia in X-linked agammaglobulinemia: a case report and review. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 24:171–174.
109. Johnson, C. C., and, S. M. Finegold. 1987. Uncommonly encountered motile, anaerobic gram-negative bacilli associated with infection. Rev. Infect. Dis. 9:1150–1162.
110. Johnson, C. C.,, J. F. Reinhardt,, M. A. C. Edelstein,, M. E. Mulligan,, W. L. George, and, S. M. Finegold. 1985. Bacteroides gracilis, an important anaerobic bacterial pathogen. J. Clin. Microbiol. 22:799–802.
111. Johnson, W. M., and, H. Lior. 1986. Cytotoxic and cytotonic factors produced by Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter laridis. J. Clin. Microbiol.24:275–281.
112. Kabeya, H.,, S. Maruyama,, Y. Morita,, T. Ohsuga,, S. Ozawa,, Y. Kobayashi,, M. Abe,, Y. Katsube, and, T. Mikami. 2004. Prevalence of Arcobacter species in retail meats and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates in Japan. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 90:303–308.
113. Kalkay, M. N.,, Z. S. Ayanian,, E. A. Lehaf, and, A. Baldi. 1983. Campylobacter-induced toxic megacolon. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 78:557–559.
114. Kanj, S. S.,, G. F. Araj,, A. Taher, and, L. B. Relier. 2001. Campylobacter fetus pericarditis in a patient with bets thalassemia case report and review of the literature. J. Clin. Microbiol. 7:510–513.
115. Kazawala, R. R.,, S. F. H. Jiwa, and, A. E. Nkya. 1993. The role of management systems in the epidemiology of thermophilic campylobacters among poultry in the eastern zone of Tanzania. Epidemiol. Infect. 110:273–278.
116. Kemper, C. A.,, P. Mickelson,, A. Morton,, B. Walton, and, S. C. Deresinski. 1993. Helicobacter (Campylobacter) fennelliae-like organisms as an important but occult phase of bacteraemia in a patient with AIDS. J. Infect. 26:97–101.
117. Kiehlbauch, J. A.,, D. J. Brenner,, D. N. Cameron,, A. G. Steiger-walt,, J. M. Markowski,, C. N. Baker,, C. M. Patton, and, I. K. Wachsmuth. 1995. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Helicobacter cinaedi and Helicobacter fennelliae strains isolated from humans and animals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:2940–2947.
118. Kiehlbauch, J. A.,, D. J. Brenner,, M. A. Nicholson,, C. N. Baker,, C. M. Patton,, A. G. Steigerwalt, and, I. K. Wachsmuth. 1991a. Campylobacter butzleri sp. nov. isolated from humans and animals with diarrheal illness. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:376–385.
119. Kiehlbauch, J. A.,, B. D. Plikaytis,, B. Swaminathan,, C. N. Cameron, and, I. K. Wachsmuth. 1991b. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the ribosomal genes for specific identification and subtyping of aerotolerant Campylobacter species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:1670–1676.
120. Klein, B. S,, J. M. Vergeront,, M. J. Blaser,, P. Edmonds,, D. J. Brenner,, D. Janssen, and, J. P. Davis. 1986. Campylobacter infection associated with raw milk: an outbreak of gastroenteritis due to Campylobacter jejuni and thermotolerant C ampylobacter fetus subsp. fetus. JAMA 255:361–364.
121. Klena, J. D.,, C. T. Parker,, K. Knibb,, J. C. Ibbitt,, P. M. Devane,, S. T. Horn,, W. G. Miller, and, M. E. Konkel. 2004. Differentiation of Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter upsaliensis by a multiplex PCR developed from the nucleotide sequence of the lipid A gene lpxA. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:5549–5557.
122. Laatu, M.,, H. Rautelin, and, M. L. Hanninen. 2005. Susceptibility of Campylobacter hyointestinalis subsp. hyointestinalis to antimicrobial agents and characterization of quinolone-resistant strains. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 55:182–187.
123. Lammerding, A. M.,, J. E. Harris,, H. Lior,, D. E. Woodward,, L. Cole, and, C. A. Muckle. 1996. Isolation method for recovery of Arcobacter butzleri from fresh poultry and poultry products, p. 329–323. In D. G. Newell,, J. M. Ketley and, R. A. Feldman (ed.), Campylobacters, Helicobacters and Related Organisms. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
124. La Scola, B.,, S. Chambourlier, and, P. Bouillot. 1998. Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus brain abscess. J. Infect. 37:309–310. (Letter.)
125. La Scolea, L. J. 1985. Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus meningitis in a neonate. Clin. Microbiol. Newslett. 7:125–126.
126. Lastovica, A. J. 1996. Campylobacter/Helicobacter bacteraemia in Cape Town, South Africa, 1977–1995, p. 475–479. In D. G. Newell,, J. M. Ketley and, R. A. Feldman (ed.), Campylobacters, Helicobacters and Related Organisms. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
127. Lastovica, A. J. 2006. Emerging Campylobacter spp.: the tip of the iceberg. Clin. Microbiol. News 28:49–55.
128. Lastovica, A. J., and, E. Le Roux. 2001. Efficient isolation of Campylobacter upsaliensis from stools. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:422–423.
129. Lastovica, A. J.,, E. Le Roux, and, M. Jooste. 1991. “Campylobacter upsaliensis” isolated from vervet monkeys. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 4 (Suppl.):S87.
130. Lastovica, A. J.,, E. Le Roux, and, J. L. Penner. 1989. “Campylobacter upsaliensis” isolated from the blood cultures of pediatric patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:657–659.
131. Lastovica, A. J.,, E. Le Roux,, R. Warren, and, H. Klump. 1993. Clinical isolates of Campylobacter mucosalis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2835–2836.
132. Lastovica, A. J., and, H. Smuts. 2007. A molecular study of Helicobacter fennelliae isolated from the stools and blood cultures of paediatric patients in Cape Town, South Africa (abstr). Abst. 107th Gen. Mtng. Am. Soc. Microbiol., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 21 to 25 May 2007.
133. Laughton, B. E.,, D. A. Druckman,, A. Vernon,, T. C. Quinn,, B. F. Polk,, J. F. Modlin,, R. H. Yolken, and, J. G. Bartlett. 1988. Prevalence of enteric pathogens in homosexual men with and without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Gastroenterology 94:984–993.
134. Laughton, B. E.,, A. A. Vernon,, D. A. Druckman,, R. Fox,, T. C. Quinnn,, B. F. Polk, and, J. G. Bartlett. 1988. Recovery of Campylobacter species from homosexual men. J. Infect. Dis. 158:464–467.
135. Lauwers, S.,, T. Devreker,, R. Van Etterijck,, J. Breynaert,, A. Van Zeebroeck,, L. Smekens,, K. Kersters, and, P. Vandamme. 1991. Isolation of Campylobacter concisus from human faeces. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 4 (Suppl.):S91.
136. Lawrence, R.,, A. F. Nibbe, and, S. Lewis. 1971. Lung abscess secondary to Vibrio fetus malabsorption syndrome and acquired agammaglobulinemia. Chest 60:191–194.
137. Lawson, A. J.,, S. L. On,, J. M. Logan, and, J. Stanley. 2001. Campylobacter hominis sp nov., from the human gastrointestinal tract. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51:651–660.
138. Lawson, G. H. K., and, A. C. Rowland. 1984. Campylobacter sputorum subsp. mucosalis, p. 207–225. In J.-P. Butzler (ed.), Campylobacter Infection in Man and Animals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
139. Lehner, A.,, T. Tasara, and, Stephan, R. 2005. Relevant aspects of Arcobacter spp. as potential foodborne pathogen. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 102:127–135.
140. Lentzsch, P.,, B. Rieksneuwohner,, L. H. Wieler,, H. Hotzel, and, I. Moser. 2004. High-resolution genotyping of Campylobacter upsaliensis strains originating from three continents. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:3441–3448.
141. Lindblom, G. B.,, M. Johny,, K. Khalil,, K. Mazhar,, G. M. Ruiz-Palacios, and, B. Kaijser. 1990. Enterotoxigenicity and frequency of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli and C. laridis in human and animal isolates from different countries. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 54:163–167.
142. Linton, D.,, R. J. Owen, and, J. Stanley. 1996. Rapid identification by PCR of the genus Campylobacter and five Campylobacter species enteropathogenic for man and animals. Res. Microbiol. 147:707–718.
143. Loades, C. J.,, L. E. Reiman, and, C. W. Keevil. 2005. Development of an improved medium for the recovery of Campylobacter species avoiding common selective antibiotics, abstr. D-198. Abstr. 105th Gen. Mtng. Am. Soc. Microbiol., Washington, DC.
144. Logan, J. M.,, J. A. Burens,, D. Linton,, A. J. Lawson, and, J. Stanley. 2000. Campylobacter lanienae sp. nov., a new species isolated from workers in an abattoir. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50:865–872.
145. Macfarlane, S.,, E. Furrie,, G. T. Macfarlane, and, J. F. Dillon. 2007. Microbial colonization of the upper gastrointestinal tract in patients with Barrett’s esophagus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45:29–38.
146. Marshall, S. M.,, P. L. Melito,, D. L. Woodward,, W. M. Johnson,, F. G. Rodgers, and, M. R. Mulvey. 1999. Rapid identification of Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Helicobacter isolates by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 16S rRNA Gene. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:4158–4160.
147. Maruyama, M.,, T. Tanaka,, Y. Katsube,, H. Nakanishi, and, M. Nukina. 1990. Prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters in crows (Corvus lavaillantii, Corvus corone) and serogroups of the isolates. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 52:1237–1244.
148. Matsheka, M. I.,, B. G. Elisha,, A. J. Lastovica, and, S. L. On. 2002. Genetic heterogeneity of Campylobacter concisus determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis based macrorestriction profiling. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 211:17–22.
149. Matsheka, M. I.,, A. J. Lastovica,, H. Zappe, and, B. G. Elisha. 2006. The use of (GTG) oligonucleotide as an RAPD primer to type Campylobacter concisus. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 42:600–605.
150. McFaydean, J., and, S. Stockman. 1913. Report of the Departmental Committee Appointed by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries to Inquire into Epizootic Abortion. Appendix to part III: Abortion in Sheep, p. 1–29. His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, United Kingdom.
151. McGechie, D. B.,, T. B. Teoh, and, V. W. Bamford. 1982. Campylobacter enteritis in Hong Kong and Western Australia, p. 19–21. In D. G. Newell (ed.), Campylobacter: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Biochemistry. MTP Press, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
152. Mégraud, F., and, F. Bonnet. 1986. Unusual campylobacters in human feces. J. Infect 12:275–276.
153. Mégraud, F., D., Chevrier, N., Desplaces, A., Sedallian, and, J. L. Guesdon. 1988. Urease-positive thermophilic Campylobacter (Campylobacter laridis variant) isolated from an appendix and from human feces. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:1050–1051.
154. Mendelson, M. H.,, P. Nicholas,, M. Malowany, and, S. Lewin. 1986. Subdural empyema caused by Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus. J. Infect Dis. 153:1183–1184. (Letter.)
155. Miki, K.,, R. Maekura,, T. Hiraga,, A. Hirotani,, H. Hashimoto,, S. Kitada,, M. Miki,, K. Yoshimura,, N. Naka,, M. Motone,, T. Fujikawa,, S. Takashima,, R. Kitazume,, H. Kanzaki,, S. Nakatani,, H. Watanuki,, O. Tagusari,, J. Kobayashi, and, M. Ito. 2005. Infective tricuspid valve endocarditis with pulmonary emboli caused by Campylobacter fetus after tooth extraction. Intern. Med. 44:1055–1059.
156. Miller, V. A.,, R. Jenson, and, J. J. Gilroy. 1959. Bacteremia in pregnant sheep following oral administration of Vibrio fetus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 20:677–679.
157. Miller, W. G.,, S. L. On,, G. Wang,, S. Fontanoz,, A. J. Lastovica, and, R. E. Mandrell. 2005. Extended multilocus sequence typing system for Campylobacter coli, C. lari, C. upsaliensis, and C. helveticus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:2315–2329.
158. Miller, W. G.,, C. T. Parker,, S. Heath, and, A. J. Lastovica. 2007. Identification of genomic differences between Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni and C. jejuni subsp. doylei at the nap locus leads to the development of a C. jejuni subspeciation multiplex PCR method. BMC Microbiol. 7:11.
159. Minet, J.,, B. Grosbois, and, F. Mégraud. 1988. Campylobacter hyointestinalis: an opportunistic enteropathogen? J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:2659–2660.
160. Modolo, J. R., and, R. Giuffrida. 2004. Campylobacter upsaliensis isolated from young dogs with and without diarrhea. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 37:72–73.
161. Monno, R.,, M. Rendina,, G. Ceci,, C. Rizzo,, I. Luzzi,, A. Francavilla,, G. Rizzo, and, E. Ierardi. 2004. Campylobacter fetus bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient: case report and review of the literature. New Microbiol. 27:281–285.
162. Montero, A.,, X. Corbella,, J. A. López,, M. Santín, and, I.-H. Ballón. 1997. Campylobacter fetus–associated aneurysms: report of a case involving the popliteal artery and review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 24:1019–1021.
163. Mooney, A.,, C. Byrne,, M. Clyne,, K. Johnson-Henry,, P. Sherman, and, B. Bourke. 2003. Invasion of human epithelial cells by Campylobacter upsaliensis. Cell Microbiol. 5:835–847.
164. Mooney, A.,, M. Clyne,, T. Curran,, D. Doherty,, B. Kilmartin, and, B. Bourke. 2001. Campylobacter upsaliensis exerts a cytolethal distending toxin effect on HeLa cells and T lymphocytes. Microbiology 147:735–743.
165. Moore, J. E.,, M. D. Barton,, I. S. Blair,, D. Corcoran,, J. S. Dooley,, S. Fanning,, I. Kempf,, A. J. Lastovica,, C. J. Lowery,, M. Matsuda,, D. A. McDowell,, A. McMahon,, B. C. Millar,, J. R. Rao,, P. J. Rooney,, B. S. Seal,, W. J. Snelling, and, O. Tolba. 2006. The epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter. Microbes Infect. 8:1955–1966.
166. Morey, F. 1996. Five years of Campylobacter bacteraemia in Central Australia, p. 491–494. In D. G. Newell,, J. M. Ketley, and, R. A. Feldman (ed.), Campylobacters, Helicobacters and Related Organisms. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
167. Morooka, T.,, A. Umeda,, M. Fujita,, H. Matano,, S. Fujimoto,, K. Yukitake,, Z. Amako, and, T. Oda. 1996. Epidemiologic application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to an outbreak of Campylobacter fetus meningitis in a neonatal intensive care unit. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 28:269–270.
168. Musmanno, R. A.,, M. Russi,, N. Figura,, P. Guglielmetti,, A. Zanchi,, R. Signori, and, A. Rossolini. 1998. Unusual species of campylobacters isolated in the Siena Tuscany area, Italy. New Microbiol. 21:15–22.
169. Nachamkin, I.,, C. Stowell,, D. Skalina,, A. M. Jones,, R. M. Roop, and, R. M. Smibert. 1984. Campylobacter laridis causing bacteraemia in an immunosuppressed patient. Ann. Intern. Med. 101:55–57.
170. Neuzil, K.,, E. Wang,, D. Haas, and, M. J. Blaser. 1994. Persistence of Campylobacter fetus bacteraemia associated with absence of opsonizing antibodies. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:1718–1720.
171. Ng, V. L.,, W. K. Hadley,, C. L. Fennell,, B. M. Flores, and, W. E. Stamm. 1987. Successive bacteremias with “Campylobacter cinaedi” and “Campylobacter fennelliae” in a bisexual male. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:2008–2009.
172. Ohya, T., and, M. Nakazawa. 1992. Production and some properties of cytotoxins produced by Campylobacter species isolated from proliferative enteropathy in swine. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 54:1031–1033.
173. On, S. L. 1996. Identification methods for campylobacters, helicobacters and arcobacters. C lin. Microbiol. Rev. 9:405–422.
174. On, S. L.,, B. Bloch,, B. Holmes,, B. Hoste, and, P. Vandamme. 1995a. Campylobacter hyointestinalis subsp. lawsonii subsp. nov., isolated from the porcine stomach, and an emended description of Campylobacter hyointestinalis. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45:767–774.
175. On, S. L.,, F. Ridgewell,, B. Cryan, and, B. S. Azadian. 1992. Isolation of Campylobacter sputorum biovar sputorum from an axillary abscess. J. Infect. 24:175–179.
176. On, S. L. W.,, H. I. Atabay,, J. E. L. Corry,, C. S. Harrington, and, P. Vandamme. 1998. Emended description of Campylobacter sputorum and revision of its infrasubspecific (biovar) divisions, including C. sputorum biovar paraureolyticus, a urease-producing variant from cattle and humans. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:195–206.
177. On, S. L. W.,, R. J. Owen,, A. J. Lastovica,, M. Costas, and, B. Lopez-Urquijo. 1991. Taxonomic study of Helicobacter (Campylobacter) fennelliae from clinical material by numerical analysis of one-dimensional electrophoretic protein patterns. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 4 (Suppl.):S103.
178. On, S. L. W.,, A. Stacey, and, J. Smyth. 1995b. Isolation of Arco-bacter butzleri from a neonate with bacteraemia. J. Infect. 31:225–227.
179. Orlicek, S. L.,, D. F. Welch, and, T. L. Kuhls. 1993. Septicemia and meningitis caused by Helicobacter cinaedi in a neonate. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:569–571.
180. Otero, J. de,, C. Pigrau,, M. Buti, and, R. Bartolomé. 1994. Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus from a gluteal abscess. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19:557–558.
181. Owen, R. J., and, J. Hernandez. 1990. Occurrence of plasmids in “Campylobacter upsaliensis” (catalase negative or weak group) from geographically diverse patients with gastroenteritis or bacteremia. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 6:111–117.
182. Owen, R. J.,, A. Beck, and, P. Borman. 1985. Restriction endonuclease digest patterns of chromosomal DNA from nitrate-negative Campylobacter jejuni–like organisms. Eur. J. Epidem. 1:281–287.
183. Owen, R. J.,, D. D. Morgan,, M. Costas, and, A. J. Lastovica. 1989. Identification of “Campylobacter upsaliensis” and other catalase-negative campylobacters from pediatric blood cultures by numerical analysis of electrophoretic protein patterns. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 58:145–150.
184. Oyarzabal, O. A.,, I. V. Wesley,, K. M. Harmon,, L. Schroeder-Tucker,, J. M. Barbaree,, L. H. Lauerman,, S. Backert, and, D. E. Conner. 1997. Specific identification of Campylobacter fetus by PCR targeting variable regions of the 16S rRNA. Vet. Microbiol. 58:61–71.
185. Park, C. E., and, G. W. Sanders. 1992. Occurrence of thermotolerant campylobacters in fresh vegetables sold at farmer’s outdoor markets and supermarkets. Can. J. Microbiol. 38:313–316.
186. Parker, C. T.,, W. G. Miller,, S. T. Horn, and, A. J. Lastovica. 2007. Common genomic features of Campylobacter jejuni subsp doylei strains distinguish them from C. jejuni subsp. jejuni. BMC Microbiol. 7:50.
187. Patton, C. M.,, N. Shaffer,, P. Edmonds,, T. J. Barrett,, M. A. Lambert,, C. Baker,, D. M. Perlman, and, D. J. Brenner. 1989. Human disease associated with “Campylobacter upsaliensis” (catalase-negative or weakly positive Campylobacter species) in the United States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:66–73.
188. Popovic-Uroic, T.,, C. M. Patton,, M. A. Nicholson, and, J. A. Kiehlbauch. 1990. Evaluation of indoxylacetate hydrolysis test for rapid differentiation of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:2335–2339.
189. Preston, M. A.,, A. E. Simor,, S. L. Walmsley,, S. A Fuller,, A. J. Lastovica,, K. Sandstedt, and, J. L. Penner. 1990. In vitro susceptibility of “Campylobacter upsaliensis” to twenty-four antimicrobial agents. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 9:822–824.
190. Quinn, T. C.,, S. E. Goodell,, C. L. Fennell,, S. P. Wang,, M. D. Schufler,, K. K. Holmes, and, E. W. Stamm. 1984. Infections with Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter-like organisms in homosexual men. Ann. Intern. Med. 101:187–192.
191. Rams, T. E.,, D. Feik, and, J. Slots. 1993. Campylobacter rectus in human periodontitis. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 8:230–235.
192. Rao, G. G.,, Q. N. Karim,, A. Maddocks,, R. J. Hillman,, J. R. W. Harris, and, A. J. Pinching. 1990. Campylobacter fetus infections in two patients with AIDS. J. Infect. 20:170–172.
193. Rennie, R. P.,, D. Strong,, D. E. Taylor,, S. M. Salama,, C. Davidson, and, H. Tabor. 1994. Campylobacter fetus diarrhea in a Hutterite colony: epidemiological observations and typing of the causative organism. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:721–724.
194. Rice, E. W.,, M. R. Rodgers,, I. V. Wesley,, C. H. Johnson, and, S. A. Tanner. 1999. Isolation of Arcobacter butzleri from ground water. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 28:31–35.
195. Rodriguez-Avial, I.,, C. Rodriguez-Avial,, O. Lopez,, E. Culebras, and, J. J. Picazo. 2006. In vitro activity of tigecycline (GAR–936) and other antimicrobials against tetracycline- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter clinical isolates. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 27:303–306.
196. Romero, S.,, J. R. Archer,, M. E. Hamacher,, S. M. Bologna, and, R. F. Schell. 1988. Case report of an unclassified microaerophilic bacterium associated with gastroenteritis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:142–143.
197. Russell, R. G.,, J. A. Kiehlbauch,, C. J. Gebhart, and, L. J. De Tolla. 1992. Uncommon Campylobacter species in infant Macaca nemestrina monkeys housed in a nursery. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:3024–3027.
198. Sakran, W.,, R. Raz,, Y. Levi,, R. Colodner, and, A. Koren. 1999. Campylobacter bacteremia and pneumonia in two splenectomized patients. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 18:496–498.
199. Salama, S. M.,, M. M. Garcia, and, D. E. Taylor. 1992a. Differentiation of the subspecies of Campylobacter fetus by genomic sizing. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42:446–450.
200. Salama, S. M.,, H. Tabor,, M. Richter, and, D. E. Taylor. 1992b. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for epidemiological studies of Campylobacter hyointestinalis isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:1982–1984.
201. Samie, A.,, C. L. Obi,, L. J. Barrett,, S. M. Powell, and, R. L. Guerrant. 2007. Prevalence of Campylobacter species, Helicobacter pylori and Arcobacter species in stool samples from the Venda region, Limpopo, South Africa: studies using molecular diagnostic methods. J. Infect. 54:558–566.
202. Sandstedt, K., and, J. Ursing. 1991. Description of Campylobacter upsaliensis sp. nov. previously known as the CNW group. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 14:39–48.
203. Sandstedt, K.,, J. Ursing, and, M. Walder. 1983. Thermotolerant Campylobacter with no or weak catalase activity isolated from dogs. Curr. Microbiol. 8:209–213.
204. Sauerwein, R. W.,, J. Bisseling, and, A. M. Horrevorts. 1993. Septic abortion associated with Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus infection: case report and review of the literature. Infection 21:331–333.
205. Schrader, J. A.,, R. A. Venezia, and, J. Tillotson. 1991. Urease-positive thermophilic Campylobacter isolated from human blood. Clin. Microbiol. Newslett. 13:158–160.
206. Schultz, F.,, A. Bagon,, W. Muller, and, H. Hotzel. 2006. Identification of Campylobacter fetus subspecies by phenotypic differentiation and PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:2019–2024.
207. Sekizuka, T.,, T. Yokoi,, O. Murayama,, B. C. Millar,, J. Moore, and, M. Matsuda. 2005. A newly constructed primer pair for the PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing of the flagellin (flaA) gene from isolates of urease-negative Campylobacter lari. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 88:113–120.
208. Serino, L., and, M. Virji. 2002. Genetic and functional analysis of the phosphorylcholine moiety of commensal Neisseria lipopolysaccharide. Mol. Microbiol. 43:437–448.
209. Skirrow, M. B., and, J. Benjamin. 1980. “1001” campylobacters from man and animals. J. Hyg. 85:427–442.
210. Skirrow, M. B.,, D. M. Jones,, E. Sutcliffe, and, J. Benjamin. 1993. Campylobacter bacteraemia in England and Wales, 1981–1991. Epidemiol. Infect. 110:567–573.
211. Smibert, R. M. 1984. Genus Campylobacter, p. 111–118. In N. R. Kreig, and, H. G. Holt (ed.), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 1. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
212. Smith, T. 1919. The etiological relation of spirilla (Vibrio fetus) to bovine abortion. J. Exp. Med. 30:313–322.
213. Snelling, W. J.,, M. Matsuda,, J. E. Moore, and, J. S. G. Dooley. 2006. Under the microscope: Arcobacter. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 42:7–14.
214. Solnick, J. V. 2003. Clinical significance of Helicobacter species other than Helicobacter pylori. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36:349–354.
215. Sorlin, P.,, P. Vandamme,, J. Nortier,, B. Hoste,, C. Rossi,, S. Pavlof, and, M. J. Struelens. 1999. Recurrent “Flexispira rappini” bacteremia in an adult patient undergoing hemodialysis: case report. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:1319–1323.
216. Stamp, S.,, O. Varoli,, F. Zanetti, and, G. De Luca. 1993. Arcobacter cryaerophilus and thermophilic campylobacters in a sewage treatment plant in Italy: two secondary treatments compared. Epidemiol. Infect. 110:633–639.
217. Stanley, J.,, A. P. Burnens,, D. Linton,, S. L. W. On,, M. Costas, and, R. J. Owen. 1992. Campylobacter helveticus sp. nov., a new thermophilic species from domestic animals: characterization, and cloning of a species-specific DNA probe. J. Gen. Microbiol. 138:2293–2303.
218. Stanley, J.,, D. Linton,, A. P. Burnens,, F. E. Dewhirst,, S. L. W. On,, A. Porter,, R. J. Owen, and, M. Costas. 1994. Helicobacter pullorum sp. nov.—genotype and phenotype of a new species isolated from poultry and human patients with gastroenteritis. Microbiology 140:3441–3449.
219. Stanley, J.,, D. Linton,, A. P. Burnens,, F. E. Dewhirst,, R. J. Owen,, A. Porter,, S. L. W. On, and, M. Costas. 1993. Helicobacter canis sp. nov., a new species from dogs: an integrated study of phenotype and genotype. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139:2495–2504.
220. Steele, T. W.,, J. A. Lanser, and, N. Sangster. 1985a. Nitrate-negative Campylobacter-like organisms. Lancet i:294.
221. Steele, T. W., and, R. J. Owen. 1988. Campylobacter jejuni sub-species doylei (subsp. nov.), is a subspecies of nitrate-negative campylobacters isolated from clinical specimens. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38:316–318.
222. Steele, T. W.,, N. Sangster, and, J. A. Lanser. 1985b. DNA relatedness and biochemical features of Campylobacter spp. isolated in central and south Australia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 22:71–74.
223. Steinkraus, G. E., and, B. D. Wright. 1994. Septic abortion with intact fetal membranes caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:1608–1609.
224. Sylvester, F. A.,, D. Philpott,, B. Gold,, A. Lastovica, and, J. F. Forstner. 1996. Adherence to lipids and intestinal mucin by a recently recognized human pathogen, Campylobacter upsaliensis. Infect. Immun. 64:4060–4066.
225. Takatsu, M.,, S. Ichiyama,, T. Nada,, Y. Iinuma,, H. Toyoda,, Y. Fukuda, and, N. Nakashima. 1997. Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus cholecystitis in a patient with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 29:197–198.
226. Tanner, A. C. R.,, S. Badger,, C. H. Lai,, M. A. Listgarten,, R. A. Visconti, and, S. S. Socransky. 1981. Wolinella gen. nov., Wolinella succinogenes (Vibrio succinogenes Wolin et al.) comb. nov., and description of Bacteroides gracilis sp. nov., Wolinella recta sp. nov., Campylobacter concisus sp. nov., and Eikenella corrodens from humans with periodontal disease. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 31:432–435.
227. Tanner, A. C. R.,, J. L. Dzink,, J. L. Ebersole, and, S. S. Socransky. 1987. Wolinella recta, Campylobacter concisu s, Bacteroides gracilis, and Eikenella corrodens from periodontal lesions, J. Periodont. Res. 22:327–330.
228. Tanner, A. C. R.,, M. A. Listgarten, and, J. L. Ebersole. 1984. Wolinella curva sp. nov.: “Vibrio succinogenes” of human origin. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 34:275–282.
229. Targan, S. R.,, A. W. Chow, and, L. B. Guze. 1976. Spontaneous peritonitis of cirrhosis due to Campylobacter fetus. Gastroenterology 71:311–313.
230. Targan, S. R.,, A. W. Chow, and, L. B. Guze. 1977. Campylobacter fetus associated with pulmonary abscess and empyema. Chest 71:105–108.
231. Tarrand, J. J., and, D. H. M. Gröschel. 1982. Rapid, modified oxidase test for oxidase-variable bacterial isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 16:772–774.
232. Tauxe, R. V.,, C. M. Patton,, P. Edmonds,, T. J. Barrett,, D. J. Brenner, and, P. A. Blake. 1985. Illness associated with Campylobacter laridis, a newly recognized Campylobacter species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:222–225.
233. Taylor, D. E.,, K. Hiratsuka, and, L. Mueller. 1989. Isolation and characterization of catalase-negative and catalase-weak strains of Campylobacter species, including “Campylobacter upsaliensis”, from humans with gastroenteritis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:2042–2045.
234. Taylor, D. N.,, J. A. Kiehlbauch,, W. Tee,, C. Pitarangsi, and, P. Echeverria. 1991. Isolation of group 2 aerotolerant Campylobacter species from Thai children with diarrhea. J. Infect. Dis. 163:1062–1067.
235. Taylor, D. N.,, K. T. McDermott,, J. R. Little,, J. G. Wells, and, M. J. Blaser. 1983. Campylobacter enteritis from untreated water in the Rocky Mountains. Ann. Intern. Med. 99:38–40.
236. Taylor, N. S.,, G. Zhongming,, Z. Shen,, F. E. Dewhist, and, J. G. Fox. 2003. Cytolethal distending toxin: a potential virulence factor for Helicobacter cinaedi. J. Infect. Dis. 188:1892–1897.
237. Tee, W.,, K. Leder,, E. Karroum, and, M. Dyall-Smith. 1998a. “Flexispira rappini” bacteraemia in a child with pneumonia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:1679–1682.
238. Tee, W.,, M. Luppino, and, S. Rambaldo. 1998b. Bacteremia due to Campylobacter sputorum biovar sputorum. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27:1544–1545.
239. Totten, P. A.,, C. L. Fennell,, F. C. Tenover,, J. M. Wezenberg,, P. L. Perine,, W. E. Stamm, and, K. K. Holmes. 1985. Campylobacter cinaedi (sp. nov.) and Campylobacter fennelliae (sp. nov.): two new Campylobacter species associated with enteric disease in homosexual men. J. Infect. Dis. 151:131–139.
240. Tremblay, C.,, C. Gaudreau, and, M. Lorange. 2003. Epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibilities of 111 Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus strains isolated in Quebec, Canada, from 1983 to 2000. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:463–466.
241. Tresierra-Ayala, A.,, M. E. Bendayan,, A. Bernuy,, G. Pereyra, and, H. Fernandez. 1994. Chicken as potential contamination source of Campylobacter lari in Iquitos, Peru. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 36:497–499.
242. Trivett-Moore, N. L.,, W. D. Rawlinson,, M. Yuen, and, G. L. Gilbert. 1997. Helicobacter westmeadii sp. nov., a new species isolated from blood cultures in two AIDS patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:1144–1150.
243. Uckay, I.,, J. Garbino,, P.-Y. Dietrich,, B. Ninet,, P. Rohner, and, V. Jacomo. 2006. Recurrent bacteremia with Helicobacter cinaedi: case report and review of the literature. BMC Infect. Dis. 6:86.
244. Vandamme, P.,, M. I. Daneshvar,, F. E. Dewhirst,, B. J. Paster,, K. Kersters,, H. Goossens, and, C. W. Moss. 1995. Chemotaxonomic analyses of Bacteroides gracilis and Bacteroides ureolyticus and reclassification of B. gracilis as Campylobacter gracilis comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45:145–152.