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Chapter 6 : Japanese Encephalitis Prevention and Control: Advances, Challenges, and New Initiatives

Authors: Marc Fischer1, Susan Hills2, Erin Staples3, Barbara Johnson4, Mansour Yaich5, Tom Solomon6
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Affiliations: 1: Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521; 2: Japanese Encephalitis Project, PATH, Seattle, WA 98107; 3: Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521; 4: Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521; 5: Japanese Encephalitis Project, PATH, 01210 Ferney-Voltaire, France; 6: Viral Brain Infections Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, England
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2008

Category: Clinical Microbiology

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Abstract:

This chapter provides an overview of Japanese encephalitis (JE) epidemiology, prevention, and control and discusses recent advances, current challenges, and new initiatives in JE surveillance, diagnosis, and vaccines. Human vaccination is the most effective and sustainable measure to prevent JE. Interventions to control the mosquito vector or animal hosts may also lessen the number of human JEV infections; however, these methods have significant limitations. Urbanization, improved socioeconomic conditions, and changes in agricultural practices have contributed to significant reductions in the burden of JE in several Asian countries. There are three types of JE vaccines that are currently available. They are inactivated mouse brain-derived JE vaccine, live attenuated cell culture-derived SA 14-14-2 vaccine, and inactivated cell culture-derived P3 vaccine. Inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccines and a live attenuated cell culture-derived SA 14-14-2 vaccine are used in many countries. Inactivated cell culture-derived P3 vaccines are available only in China. Improved understanding of the epidemiology and an accurate measurement of the true JE disease burden in countries where it is endemic are needed to stimulate and guide the implementation of new vaccine strategies and policies. JE remains a significant but preventable public health problem. Substantial progress has been made in defining the true burden of illness and expanding the use of available vaccines. With sustained commitment and funding, safe, effective, and affordable JE vaccines can and should be integrated into the routine immunization programs in all areas where JE is endemic.

Citation: Fischer M, Hills S, Staples E, Johnson B, Yaich M, Solomon T. 2008. Japanese Encephalitis Prevention and Control: Advances, Challenges, and New Initiatives, p 93-124. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch6

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Japanese Encephalitis Prevention and Control: Advances, Challenges, and New Initiatives
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Citation: Fischer M, Hills S, Staples E, Johnson B, Yaich M, Solomon T. 2008. Japanese Encephalitis Prevention and Control: Advances, Challenges, and New Initiatives, p 93-124. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555815592.ch06.ch06fig01
Figure 1.
Japanese encephalitis cases reported from selected countries in Asia, 1973 to 1990. Data for 1973 to 1990 include reported cases from China, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and Thailand; data for 1978 to 1990 also include cases reported from India and Nepal. Adapted from reference .
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10.1128/9781555815592/ch6fig1.gif
Image of Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Japanese encephalitis cases reported from selected countries in Asia, 1973 to 1990. Data for 1973 to 1990 include reported cases from China, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and Thailand; data for 1978 to 1990 also include cases reported from India and Nepal. Adapted from reference .

Citation: Fischer M, Hills S, Staples E, Johnson B, Yaich M, Solomon T. 2008. Japanese Encephalitis Prevention and Control: Advances, Challenges, and New Initiatives, p 93-124. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch6
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Figure 2.
Transmission cycle of JEV. JEV is transmitted in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and amplifying vertebrate hosts, primarily pigs and wading birds. Humans are a dead-end host in the JEV transmission cycle, with brief and low levels of viremia. Humans play no role in the maintenance or amplification of JEV, and the virus is not transmitted directly from person to person.
10.1128/9781555815592/ch6fig2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815592/ch6fig2.gif
Image of Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Transmission cycle of JEV. JEV is transmitted in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and amplifying vertebrate hosts, primarily pigs and wading birds. Humans are a dead-end host in the JEV transmission cycle, with brief and low levels of viremia. Humans play no role in the maintenance or amplification of JEV, and the virus is not transmitted directly from person to person.

Citation: Fischer M, Hills S, Staples E, Johnson B, Yaich M, Solomon T. 2008. Japanese Encephalitis Prevention and Control: Advances, Challenges, and New Initiatives, p 93-124. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch6
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/content/10.1128/9781555815592.ch06.ch06fig03
Figure 3.
Geographic range of JE. Reprinted from reference .
10.1128/9781555815592/ch6fig3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815592/ch6fig3.gif
Image of Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Geographic range of JE. Reprinted from reference .

Citation: Fischer M, Hills S, Staples E, Johnson B, Yaich M, Solomon T. 2008. Japanese Encephalitis Prevention and Control: Advances, Challenges, and New Initiatives, p 93-124. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch6
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Figure 4.
Impact of JE vaccination in Japan, 1946 to 1999. Adapted from reference .
10.1128/9781555815592/ch6fig4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815592/ch6fig4.gif
Image of Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Impact of JE vaccination in Japan, 1946 to 1999. Adapted from reference .

Citation: Fischer M, Hills S, Staples E, Johnson B, Yaich M, Solomon T. 2008. Japanese Encephalitis Prevention and Control: Advances, Challenges, and New Initiatives, p 93-124. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch6
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Tables

Japanese Encephalitis Prevention and Control: Advances, Challenges, and New Initiatives
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Citation: Fischer M, Hills S, Staples E, Johnson B, Yaich M, Solomon T. 2008. Japanese Encephalitis Prevention and Control: Advances, Challenges, and New Initiatives, p 93-124. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555815592.ch06.ch06tab01
Table 1.
Laboratory diagnostic assays to support JE surveillance
Generic image for table
Table 1.

Laboratory diagnostic assays to support JE surveillance

Citation: Fischer M, Hills S, Staples E, Johnson B, Yaich M, Solomon T. 2008. Japanese Encephalitis Prevention and Control: Advances, Challenges, and New Initiatives, p 93-124. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555815592.ch06.ch06tab02
Table 2.
JE vaccines that are currently available or in clinical trials
Generic image for table
Table 2.

JE vaccines that are currently available or in clinical trials

Citation: Fischer M, Hills S, Staples E, Johnson B, Yaich M, Solomon T. 2008. Japanese Encephalitis Prevention and Control: Advances, Challenges, and New Initiatives, p 93-124. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555815592.ch06.ch06tab03
Table 3.
Challenges and initiatives to improve JE surveillance, diagnosis, prevention, and management
Generic image for table
Table 3.

Challenges and initiatives to improve JE surveillance, diagnosis, prevention, and management

Citation: Fischer M, Hills S, Staples E, Johnson B, Yaich M, Solomon T. 2008. Japanese Encephalitis Prevention and Control: Advances, Challenges, and New Initiatives, p 93-124. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555815592.ch06.ch06tab04
Table 4.
Status of JE vaccination programs in Asian countries where it is endemic
Generic image for table
Table 4.

Status of JE vaccination programs in Asian countries where it is endemic

Citation: Fischer M, Hills S, Staples E, Johnson B, Yaich M, Solomon T. 2008. Japanese Encephalitis Prevention and Control: Advances, Challenges, and New Initiatives, p 93-124. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch6

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