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Chapter 17 : Conjugative Transposons

Author: Louis B. Rice1
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Affiliations: 1: Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2007

Category: Bacterial Pathogenesis

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Abstract:

Transfer of conjugative transposons requires cell-to-cell contact and occurs at relatively low frequency. However, the host range of the various elements is, in some cases, quite diverse. In this chapter, the author reviews the current state of knowledge of the epidemiology, resistance profiles, and transposition mechanisms of the major types of characterized conjugative transposons found in human pathogenic bacteria. A recently published survey directly implicates conjugative transposons in the steady and significant rise in erythromycin and tetracycline resistance in species over the past three decades. Unlike Tn916 family transposons, conjugative transposons can mobilize coresident nonconjugative transposons. conjugative transposons can be transferred in vitro into distantly related species, such as . The Tn916 family elements are the most thoroughly studied and characterized of the conjugative transposons. The single "family" of conjugative transposons described to date is the CTnDOT family. This family is characterized by the presence of right and left ends that differ from each other but are conserved within the family. The , , and genes are also involved in excision, presumably through a regulatory role. and are required for expression of . Expression of increases transcription of , thereby increasing excision of CTnDOT. Recent advances in understanding the structural details of λ and related integrase interactions with DNA targets and cooperative proteins have the potential to stimulate intelligent, structure-based design of such chemical inhibitors.

Citation: Rice L. 2007. Conjugative Transposons, p 271-284. In Bonomo R, Tolmasky M (ed), Enzyme-Mediated Resistance to Antibiotics. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815615.ch17

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Conjugative Transposons
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Citation: Rice L. 2007. Conjugative Transposons, p 271-284. In Bonomo R, Tolmasky M (ed), Enzyme-Mediated Resistance to Antibiotics. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815615.ch17
/content/10.1128/9781555815615.ch17.ch17fig01
Figure 17.1
Graphic depiction of 65-kb composite transposon Tn from . Tn is a conjugative element that transfers between enterococci at low frequency and integrates in most cases into the recipient chromosome in a site-specific manner. Within Tn lies a typical Tn like conjugative transposon (Tn) that can transfer by itself or with the larger element. When transferring by itself, Tn is relatively nonselective in its insertion sites. Regions of different lineages are connected within Tn by different insertion elements (see the text). Reprinted with permission from reference .
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Image of Figure 17.1
Figure 17.1

Graphic depiction of 65-kb composite transposon Tn from . Tn is a conjugative element that transfers between enterococci at low frequency and integrates in most cases into the recipient chromosome in a site-specific manner. Within Tn lies a typical Tn like conjugative transposon (Tn) that can transfer by itself or with the larger element. When transferring by itself, Tn is relatively nonselective in its insertion sites. Regions of different lineages are connected within Tn by different insertion elements (see the text). Reprinted with permission from reference .

Citation: Rice L. 2007. Conjugative Transposons, p 271-284. In Bonomo R, Tolmasky M (ed), Enzyme-Mediated Resistance to Antibiotics. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815615.ch17
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Figure 17.2
(Top) Map of Tn. Identity of the specific ORFs and their directions of transcription are identified below the map, as are the functions of the regions, where that is known. The origin of transfer is indicated () at the right-hand end of the transposon. Reprinted with permission from reference . (Bottom) Graphic depiction of expression of ORFs in the left end of Tn with or without exposure to tetracycline. Black arrows represent genes that are expressed under the identified conditions. In the absence of tetracycline, expression of negatively regulates transcription of and . Transcription from the promoter (upstream of ) is also terminated within . In the presence of tetracycline, transcription from the promoter moves through the palindromes within and into (M). Transcription then continues through (M), negatively regulating expression of the gene products of , which ultimately leads to transcription of and , which positively regulate their own transcription. This results in increased expression of and , stimulating excision and circularization. Once circularized, transcription can continue through the newly formed joint and into the transfer genes found in the right-hand end of the transposon. Adapted from data published in reference .
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Image of Figure 17.2
Figure 17.2

(Top) Map of Tn. Identity of the specific ORFs and their directions of transcription are identified below the map, as are the functions of the regions, where that is known. The origin of transfer is indicated () at the right-hand end of the transposon. Reprinted with permission from reference . (Bottom) Graphic depiction of expression of ORFs in the left end of Tn with or without exposure to tetracycline. Black arrows represent genes that are expressed under the identified conditions. In the absence of tetracycline, expression of negatively regulates transcription of and . Transcription from the promoter (upstream of ) is also terminated within . In the presence of tetracycline, transcription from the promoter moves through the palindromes within and into (M). Transcription then continues through (M), negatively regulating expression of the gene products of , which ultimately leads to transcription of and , which positively regulate their own transcription. This results in increased expression of and , stimulating excision and circularization. Once circularized, transcription can continue through the newly formed joint and into the transfer genes found in the right-hand end of the transposon. Adapted from data published in reference .

Citation: Rice L. 2007. Conjugative Transposons, p 271-284. In Bonomo R, Tolmasky M (ed), Enzyme-Mediated Resistance to Antibiotics. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815615.ch17
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Figure 17.3
(Top) Comparison of structures of conjugative transposons CTnDOT and CTnERL. The transposons are identical except for the insertion of the region in CTnDOT. The individual ORFs that make up the region of CTnDOT are detailed. Reprinted with permission from reference . (Bottom) Structure of CTnGERM1, a non-CTnDOT-family conjugative transposon. Reprinted with permission from reference 61.
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Image of Figure 17.3
Figure 17.3

(Top) Comparison of structures of conjugative transposons CTnDOT and CTnERL. The transposons are identical except for the insertion of the region in CTnDOT. The individual ORFs that make up the region of CTnDOT are detailed. Reprinted with permission from reference . (Bottom) Structure of CTnGERM1, a non-CTnDOT-family conjugative transposon. Reprinted with permission from reference 61.

Citation: Rice L. 2007. Conjugative Transposons, p 271-284. In Bonomo R, Tolmasky M (ed), Enzyme-Mediated Resistance to Antibiotics. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815615.ch17
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Figure 17.4
Similar regions found within CTnR391 conjugation region (identical to corresponding region of SXT) and other transferable elements from gram-negative bacteria. Reprinted with permission from reference .
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Image of Figure 17.4
Figure 17.4

Similar regions found within CTnR391 conjugation region (identical to corresponding region of SXT) and other transferable elements from gram-negative bacteria. Reprinted with permission from reference .

Citation: Rice L. 2007. Conjugative Transposons, p 271-284. In Bonomo R, Tolmasky M (ed), Enzyme-Mediated Resistance to Antibiotics. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815615.ch17
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Figure 17.5
Comparison of clostridial conjugative transposons Tn and Tn. Differences include the ends (where , and ) are missing from Tn. The ends of the transposons also differ. Tn also contains a group II intron within , a serine recombinase () gene in place of and , and two additional ORFs () upstream of the (M) gene. Reprinted with permission from reference .
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Image of Figure 17.5
Figure 17.5

Comparison of clostridial conjugative transposons Tn and Tn. Differences include the ends (where , and ) are missing from Tn. The ends of the transposons also differ. Tn also contains a group II intron within , a serine recombinase () gene in place of and , and two additional ORFs () upstream of the (M) gene. Reprinted with permission from reference .

Citation: Rice L. 2007. Conjugative Transposons, p 271-284. In Bonomo R, Tolmasky M (ed), Enzyme-Mediated Resistance to Antibiotics. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815615.ch17
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References

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Tables

Conjugative Transposons
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Citation: Rice L. 2007. Conjugative Transposons, p 271-284. In Bonomo R, Tolmasky M (ed), Enzyme-Mediated Resistance to Antibiotics. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815615.ch17
/content/10.1128/9781555815615.ch17.ch17tab01
Table 17.1
Conjugative transposons discussed in this chapter
Generic image for table
Table 17.1

Conjugative transposons discussed in this chapter

Citation: Rice L. 2007. Conjugative Transposons, p 271-284. In Bonomo R, Tolmasky M (ed), Enzyme-Mediated Resistance to Antibiotics. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815615.ch17

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