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Chapter 8 : Response to High Hydrostatic Pressure

Author: Patricia M. B. Fernandes1
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Affiliations: 1: Biotechnology Core, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES Brazil, 29040-090
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2008

Category: Applied and Industrial Microbiology

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Abstract:

Life is within a Euclidean space (with the usual Euclidean metric), as there are only three essential axes for sustaining life. The first is the source of energy, the second is water, and the third is a range of conditions that the organism can tolerate, meaning how much of a stress an organism can cope with. The major source for energy and carbon in the yeast is glucose, and glycolysis is the general pathway for conversion of glucose to pyruvate. This chapter describes the effects of short exposures of to lethal and sublethal pressures, with a focus on cellular inactivation/resistance and stress response, respectively. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) exerts a broad effect within eukaryotic cells, with characteristics similar to common stresses, such as temperature, ethanol, and oxidative stresses. Yeast cells in stationary phase, which undergo growth arrest and a variety of morphological and physiological changes, are more resistant to pressure than proliferating cells. Application of HHP in the food processing industry has stimulated the effort to understand the impact of pressure in combination with other parameters, such as high or low temperature, on cell viability. Hydrostatic pressure also interferes with cellular membrane structure, increasing the order of lipid molecules, especially in the vicinity of proteins. The heat shock response in is one of the best-studied pathways of eukaryotic cells, and pretreatment with a mild heat stress leads to protection against more severe heat shock and several other stresses, including HHP.

Citation: Fernandes P. 2008. Response to High Hydrostatic Pressure, p 145-166. In Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed), High-Pressure Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch8

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae Response to High Hydrostatic Pressure
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Citation: Fernandes P. 2008. Response to High Hydrostatic Pressure, p 145-166. In Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed), High-Pressure Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch8
/content/10.1128/9781555815646.ch08.ch08fig01
Figure 1.
Effect of HHP on different wild-type yeast cells. Cells from logarithmic phase were submitted to various hydrostatic pressures for 30 min each time. Cell survival is expressed as percentage of viable cells. The standard deviations are smaller than the symbols used.
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10.1128/9781555815646/f0147-01.gif
Image of Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Effect of HHP on different wild-type yeast cells. Cells from logarithmic phase were submitted to various hydrostatic pressures for 30 min each time. Cell survival is expressed as percentage of viable cells. The standard deviations are smaller than the symbols used.

Citation: Fernandes P. 2008. Response to High Hydrostatic Pressure, p 145-166. In Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed), High-Pressure Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch8
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Figure 2.
Transmission electron micrographs of a thin section through Y440 wild-type cells. (a and b) Typical cell at atmospheric pressure. (b) Detailed image illustrating the appearance of the cell wall, cell membrane, and Golgi apparatus. (c and d) Cell submitted to 200 MPa for 30 min. The cell outer shape was almost unaffected. The arrow points to a broken nuclear membrane. (d) Detail of the cell membrane. (e and f) Heat shock-pretreated cell (40°C for 60 min) submitted to HHP of 200 MPa. (f) Detailed image showing a lamellar structure flanking the cell membrane. CM, cell membrane; CW, cell wall; NM, nuclear membrane; N, nucleus; V, vacuoles; M, mitochondria; G, Golgi apparatus; ER, endoplasmic reticulum. The bar in panel a represents 0.8 µm; the bars in panels b, d, and f represent 0.3 µm; and the bars in panels c and e represent 0.5 µm. Reprinted from ( ) with permission of the publisher.
10.1128/9781555815646/f0150-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815646/f0150-01.gif
Image of Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Transmission electron micrographs of a thin section through Y440 wild-type cells. (a and b) Typical cell at atmospheric pressure. (b) Detailed image illustrating the appearance of the cell wall, cell membrane, and Golgi apparatus. (c and d) Cell submitted to 200 MPa for 30 min. The cell outer shape was almost unaffected. The arrow points to a broken nuclear membrane. (d) Detail of the cell membrane. (e and f) Heat shock-pretreated cell (40°C for 60 min) submitted to HHP of 200 MPa. (f) Detailed image showing a lamellar structure flanking the cell membrane. CM, cell membrane; CW, cell wall; NM, nuclear membrane; N, nucleus; V, vacuoles; M, mitochondria; G, Golgi apparatus; ER, endoplasmic reticulum. The bar in panel a represents 0.8 µm; the bars in panels b, d, and f represent 0.3 µm; and the bars in panels c and e represent 0.5 µm. Reprinted from ( ) with permission of the publisher.

Citation: Fernandes P. 2008. Response to High Hydrostatic Pressure, p 145-166. In Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed), High-Pressure Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch8
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Figure 3.
Fluorescent micrographs of cells stained for F-actin with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin. (a) Untreated cells evidencing the cell cycle-specific organization of microfilaments; (b to f) cells treated with 100 (b), 150 (c), 200 (d), 250 (e), and 300 (f) MPa. Reprinted from ( ) with permission of the publisher.
10.1128/9781555815646/f0152-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815646/f0152-01.gif
Image of Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Fluorescent micrographs of cells stained for F-actin with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin. (a) Untreated cells evidencing the cell cycle-specific organization of microfilaments; (b to f) cells treated with 100 (b), 150 (c), 200 (d), 250 (e), and 300 (f) MPa. Reprinted from ( ) with permission of the publisher.

Citation: Fernandes P. 2008. Response to High Hydrostatic Pressure, p 145-166. In Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed), High-Pressure Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch8
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Figure 4.
Global gene expression profile in functional categories. Black bars and white bars represent the percentages of induced and repressed genes, respectively. The classification is based on the MIPS database, available on the web. Reprinted from ( ) with permission of the publisher.
10.1128/9781555815646/f0159-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815646/f0159-01.gif
Image of Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Global gene expression profile in functional categories. Black bars and white bars represent the percentages of induced and repressed genes, respectively. The classification is based on the MIPS database, available on the web. Reprinted from ( ) with permission of the publisher.

Citation: Fernandes P. 2008. Response to High Hydrostatic Pressure, p 145-166. In Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed), High-Pressure Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch8
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Tables

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Response to High Hydrostatic Pressure
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Citation: Fernandes P. 2008. Response to High Hydrostatic Pressure, p 145-166. In Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed), High-Pressure Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch8
/content/10.1128/9781555815646.ch08.ch08tab01
Table 1.
Up-regulated characterized genes after 30 min of HHP (200 MPa)
Generic image for table
Table 1.

Up-regulated characterized genes after 30 min of HHP (200 MPa)

Citation: Fernandes P. 2008. Response to High Hydrostatic Pressure, p 145-166. In Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed), High-Pressure Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch8

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