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Features of HIV Transmission, Page 1 of 2
< Previous page Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815653/9781555813932_Chap02-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815653/9781555813932_Chap02-2.gifAbstract:
This chapter reviews the evidence on virus load in various body fluids and the findings are considered in relation to virus transmission. The value of anti-HIV antibodies in assessing HIV infection is discussed in this chapter. The transmission of HIV by genital fluids is more likely through virus-infected cells than free virus since cells can be present in higher numbers than free infectious virus in these body fluids. The risk of HIV transmission is increased with high levels of virus in the body fluids and the number of contacts an individual has with a body fluid. The receptive partner in sexual transmission is most at risk. In women, cells in the cervix or within the endometrium can be infected. In men and women, the infection site can involve bowel mucosal cells or lymphocytes and macrophages present in the rectum. The insertive partner may be infected by cells along the urethral canal or associated with the prepuce. Risk of HIV infection by blood depends on the level of infectious virus in this body fluid. Heating has eliminated the risk of infection from blood products. The estimated risk of HIV infection from needlestick injuries is 1 in 300 to 400, with deep injury carrying the greatest chance of infection. Risk from mucosal membrane and skin exposures is approximately 1 in 1,000 or less and is influenced by the amount of blood and viral load. Antiretroviral therapy and other preventive measures can greatly reduce the risk of mother-child transmission.