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Chapter 75 : Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses

Authors: Keerti V. Shah, Eugene O. Major
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2006

Category: Immunology

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Abstract:

Until recently, papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses were grouped together as papovaviruses, but they are now classified as two distinct families. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are strictly epitheliotropic viruses that infect squamous epithelia of the skin and mucous membranes. The expression of viral genes is tightly linked to the stages of cellular differentiation. The cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) that may result from HPV infections can be detected in Pap smear screening programs and treated effectively. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is often familial. Clinically the warts are flat or are in the form of reddish brown macular plaques. Immunization of humans by intramuscular injection with VLPs results in a robust antibody response, with antibody titers far exceeding those resulting from natural infections. A positive test indicates productive infection with any of the HPVs. The infecting HPV type cannot be specifically diagnosed by the test because type-specific antisera are not available. In humans, human polyomavirus JC virus (JCV) is the etiologic agent for the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), while BK virus (BKV) infection is associated with urinary tract infections and nephropathy. Potent antiretroviral drugs have effectively reduced plasma HIV viral loads and increased CD4 cell counts, which could potentially lead to a decreased susceptibility to opportunistic infections such as PML. The antigen responsible for the hemagglutinating activity is located on the Vp1 capsid protein. Diagnostic testing at present relies heavily on DNA-based technologies such as in situ DNA hybridization and quantitative PCR.

Citation: Shah K, Major E. 2006. Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses, p 669-676. In Detrick B, Hamilton R, Folds J (ed), Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology, 7th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815905.ch75

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Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses
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Citation: Shah K, Major E. 2006. Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses, p 669-676. In Detrick B, Hamilton R, Folds J (ed), Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology, 7th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815905.ch75
/content/10.1128/9781555815905.ch75.ch75fig01
FIGURE 1
Reactivity of human sera to HPV-16 VLPs by HPV diagnosis of genital tract specimens. The dashed line at 0.89 represents the cutoff value. OD, optical density. (Reprinted from reference with permission of the publisher.)
10.1128/9781555815905/f0671-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815905/f0671-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Reactivity of human sera to HPV-16 VLPs by HPV diagnosis of genital tract specimens. The dashed line at 0.89 represents the cutoff value. OD, optical density. (Reprinted from reference with permission of the publisher.)

Citation: Shah K, Major E. 2006. Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses, p 669-676. In Detrick B, Hamilton R, Folds J (ed), Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology, 7th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815905.ch75
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/content/10.1128/9781555815905.ch75.ch75fig02
FIGURE 2
Distribution of counts per minute for serum reactivity to E6 and E7 proteins among cervical cancer cases and controls. Horizontal lines represent cutoff values for positivity. (Reprinted from reference with permission of the publisher.)
10.1128/9781555815905/f0672-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815905/f0672-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Distribution of counts per minute for serum reactivity to E6 and E7 proteins among cervical cancer cases and controls. Horizontal lines represent cutoff values for positivity. (Reprinted from reference with permission of the publisher.)

Citation: Shah K, Major E. 2006. Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses, p 669-676. In Detrick B, Hamilton R, Folds J (ed), Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology, 7th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815905.ch75
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References

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Tables

Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses
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Citation: Shah K, Major E. 2006. Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses, p 669-676. In Detrick B, Hamilton R, Folds J (ed), Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology, 7th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815905.ch75
/content/10.1128/9781555815905.ch75.ch75tab01
TABLE 1
Major clinical associations of HPV infections
Generic image for table
TABLE 1

Major clinical associations of HPV infections

Citation: Shah K, Major E. 2006. Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses, p 669-676. In Detrick B, Hamilton R, Folds J (ed), Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology, 7th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815905.ch75
/content/10.1128/9781555815905.ch75.ch75tab02
TABLE 2
Polyomaviruses
Generic image for table
TABLE 2

Polyomaviruses

Citation: Shah K, Major E. 2006. Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses, p 669-676. In Detrick B, Hamilton R, Folds J (ed), Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology, 7th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815905.ch75

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