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Chapter 35 : Rotaviruses

Authors: Manuel A. Franco, Harry B. Greenberg
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2009

Category: Viruses and Viral Pathogenesis

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Abstract:

Rotaviruses belong to the family of icosahedral, nonenveloped, segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses. They are classified into groups (A through E) depending on the presence of cross-reactive epitopes primarily located on the internal structural protein VP6. This chapter mainly talks about group A rotaviruses. It presents details that include epidemiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and treatment of rotaviruses. Seroprevalence of antibodies for these rotaviruses is relatively high in humans, specially those living in rural areas, suggesting transmission from animals to humans. In humans, the capacity for rotaviruses to reassort influences the generation of serotypic diversity less dramatically than for influenza virus, although reassortment clearly occurs, especially in less developed countries. Rotaviruses have been proposed to enter cells by endocytosis and by direct plasma membrane penetration. Although symptomatic reinfection with rotaviruses seems to be frequent, the severity and number of rotavirus infections diminish with the age of the child, and severe infections seem to be primarily limited to the initial infection. Studies with mice have shown that rotaviruses are inactivated in the stomachs of adult but not newborn mice, which suggests that the development of gastric acid and pepsin secretion may be an important factor in host defense against rotavirus. The relative importance of transplacentally acquired versus breast-feeding-acquired antibodies in protection against rotaviruses in children is not clear. Precaution should be exercised in disinfection of surfaces thought to be contaminated with rotavirus, since rotaviruses have been shown to be highly resistant to many commonly used disinfectants.

Citation: Franco M, Greenberg H. 2009. Rotaviruses, p 797-816. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch35

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Rotaviruses
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Citation: Franco M, Greenberg H. 2009. Rotaviruses, p 797-816. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch35
/content/10.1128/9781555815981.ch35.ch35fig01
FIGURE 1
Estimated global distribution of deaths due to rotavirus. Each dot represents 1,000 deaths attributed to rotavirus per year at the indicated location. The total world death toll is approximately 600,000 children per year. (Figure courtesy of R. Glass; adapted from reference with permission.)
10.1128/9781555815981/f0798-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815981/f0798-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Estimated global distribution of deaths due to rotavirus. Each dot represents 1,000 deaths attributed to rotavirus per year at the indicated location. The total world death toll is approximately 600,000 children per year. (Figure courtesy of R. Glass; adapted from reference with permission.)

Citation: Franco M, Greenberg H. 2009. Rotaviruses, p 797-816. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch35
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FIGURE 2
Schematic representation of the rotavirus replication cycle in intestinal polarized epithelial cells. For references, see “Replication strategy.” As indicated by the question marks, many aspects of this cycle remain uncertain.
10.1128/9781555815981/f0802-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815981/f0802-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Schematic representation of the rotavirus replication cycle in intestinal polarized epithelial cells. For references, see “Replication strategy.” As indicated by the question marks, many aspects of this cycle remain uncertain.

Citation: Franco M, Greenberg H. 2009. Rotaviruses, p 797-816. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch35
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FIGURE 3
Cross section of the small bowel villi from a rotavirus-infected mouse; the sample was immunostained for rotavirus antigen. Note the growth of rotavirus restricted to the mature villus tip cells of the small bowel.
10.1128/9781555815981/f0805-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815981/f0805-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

Cross section of the small bowel villi from a rotavirus-infected mouse; the sample was immunostained for rotavirus antigen. Note the growth of rotavirus restricted to the mature villus tip cells of the small bowel.

Citation: Franco M, Greenberg H. 2009. Rotaviruses, p 797-816. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch35
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Tables

Rotaviruses
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Citation: Franco M, Greenberg H. 2009. Rotaviruses, p 797-816. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch35
/content/10.1128/9781555815981.ch35.ch35tab01
TABLE 1
dsRNA segments and encoded proteins of simian rotavirus SA11
Generic image for table
TABLE 1

dsRNA segments and encoded proteins of simian rotavirus SA11

Citation: Franco M, Greenberg H. 2009. Rotaviruses, p 797-816. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch35

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