Highlighted Text:
Show |
Hide
Full text loading...
Chapter 28 : The Poliovirus Eradication Initiative
Authors:
Konstantin Chumakov1,
Olen Kew2
VIEW AFFILIATIONS
HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations:
1: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852;
2: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2010
Category: Viruses and Viral Pathogenesis
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555816698
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555816698.ch28
MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.
Preview this chapter:
The Poliovirus Eradication Initiative, Page 1 of 2
< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816698/9781555816032_Chap28-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816698/9781555816032_Chap28-2.gif
Abstract:
Poliomyelitis is a neurological disease characterized by paralysis of the extremities and occasionally other muscles, leading to transient or permanent impairment, and rarely, in the most severe bulbar cases, death. Interest in poliomyelitis and poliovirus increased dramatically at the beginning of the 20th century because a relatively rare sporadic illness changed to an epidemic disease with a clear trend to global spread. Due to the very low paralysis-to-infection ratio, some limited circulation of wild poliovirus (WPV) without overt clinical manifestations cannot be fully excluded as the explanation for orphan isolates. Since the early days of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), it has been known that the use of this vaccine can cause vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) among vaccine recipients and their immediate contacts. Another category of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), called immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs (iVDPVs), have been isolated from immunodeficient patients chronically infected with poliovirus. The most serious challenge, however, is to greatly strengthen routine immunization within the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), which is clearly inadequate in many low-income countries. The successful reintegration of polio eradication activities into the EPI, by also helping to reinvigorate the EPI, can be one of the enduring legacies of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) and serve as a model for other global infectious disease control and eradication initiatives.
Citation:
Chumakov K, Kew O.
2010.
The Poliovirus Eradication Initiative,
p 449-459.
In
Ehrenfeld E, Domingo E, Roos R (ed),
The Picornaviruses.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816698.ch28
Figures
The Poliovirus Eradication Initiative
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816698.ch28-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816698.ch28-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Konstantin, foaf_name=Konstantin Chumakov, foaf_surname=Chumakov, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816698.ch28-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816698.ch28-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816698.ch28-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Olen, foaf_name=Olen Kew, foaf_surname=Kew, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816698.ch28-aff2]]}]]
Citation:
Chumakov K, Kew O.
2010.
The Poliovirus Eradication Initiative,
p 449-459.
In
Ehrenfeld E, Domingo E, Roos R (ed),
The Picornaviruses.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816698.ch28
/content/10.1128/9781555816698.ch28.ch28fig01
Figure 1.
Incidence of paralytic polio cases associated with WPV infections worldwide, 1985 to 2009. Estimated cases are shown as striped bars; reported and virologically confirmed cases are shown as solid bars. Case count as of 12 April 2010. Arrows below three-letter codes for WHO regions (AMR, Americas; EUR, Europe; WPR, Western Pacific) indicate the year of last detection of indigenous WPV. (Source: WHO [http://www.polioeradication.org/].)
10.1128/9781555816698/f0451-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816698/f0451-01.gif
Figure 1.
Incidence of paralytic polio cases associated with WPV infections worldwide, 1985 to 2009. Estimated cases are shown as striped bars; reported and virologically confirmed cases are shown as solid bars. Case count as of 12 April 2010. Arrows below three-letter codes for WHO regions (AMR, Americas; EUR, Europe; WPR, Western Pacific) indicate the year of last detection of indigenous WPV. (Source: WHO [http://www.polioeradication.org/].)
Citation:
Chumakov K, Kew O.
2010.
The Poliovirus Eradication Initiative,
p 449-459.
In
Ehrenfeld E, Domingo E, Roos R (ed),
The Picornaviruses.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816698.ch28
/content/10.1128/9781555816698.ch28.ch28fig02
Figure 2.
Radial neighbor-joining trees of VP1 sequence relationships of representatives of WPV genotypes detected since the launch of polio eradication activities in the Americas in 1985. Genotypes believed to be extinct and surviving genotypes are shown by dashed and solid lines, respectively. Sequences representing the extinct genotypes usually are from the last known isolate of that genotype. (Source: WHO GPLN.)
10.1128/9781555816698/f0451-02_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816698/f0451-02.gif
Figure 2.
Radial neighbor-joining trees of VP1 sequence relationships of representatives of WPV genotypes detected since the launch of polio eradication activities in the Americas in 1985. Genotypes believed to be extinct and surviving genotypes are shown by dashed and solid lines, respectively. Sequences representing the extinct genotypes usually are from the last known isolate of that genotype. (Source: WHO GPLN.)
Citation:
Chumakov K, Kew O.
2010.
The Poliovirus Eradication Initiative,
p 449-459.
In
Ehrenfeld E, Domingo E, Roos R (ed),
The Picornaviruses.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816698.ch28
/content/10.1128/9781555816698.ch28.ch28fig03
Figure 3.
Progressive eradication of WPV genotypes, 1986 to 2009. Countries that have never eradicated indigenous WPV circulation are shown in black; reinfected countries are represented in dark grey. Numbers indicate the location and year of the last detection of an indigenous WPV genotype. (Source: WHO GPLN.)
10.1128/9781555816698/f0453-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816698/f0453-01.gif
Figure 3.
Progressive eradication of WPV genotypes, 1986 to 2009. Countries that have never eradicated indigenous WPV circulation are shown in black; reinfected countries are represented in dark grey. Numbers indicate the location and year of the last detection of an indigenous WPV genotype. (Source: WHO GPLN.)
Citation:
Chumakov K, Kew O.
2010.
The Poliovirus Eradication Initiative,
p 449-459.
In
Ehrenfeld E, Domingo E, Roos R (ed),
The Picornaviruses.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816698.ch28
/content/10.1128/9781555816698.ch28.ch28fig04
Figure 4.
Location of polio outbreaks associated with cVDPVs. Shown are the serotypes of the cVDPV isolates, the year(s) of cVDPV isolation, and the number of reported cases associated with cVDPVs.
10.1128/9781555816698/f0455-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816698/f0455-01.gif
Figure 4.
Location of polio outbreaks associated with cVDPVs. Shown are the serotypes of the cVDPV isolates, the year(s) of cVDPV isolation, and the number of reported cases associated with cVDPVs.
Citation:
Chumakov K, Kew O.
2010.
The Poliovirus Eradication Initiative,
p 449-459.
In
Ehrenfeld E, Domingo E, Roos R (ed),
The Picornaviruses.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816698.ch28
/content/10.1128/9781555816698.ch28.ch28fig05
Figure 5.
Location of paralytic cases and prolonged poliovirus infections associated with iVDPVs, worldwide, 1962 to 2009. Mixed iVDPV infections are indicated by composite symbols.
10.1128/9781555816698/f0456-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816698/f0456-01.gif
Figure 5.
Location of paralytic cases and prolonged poliovirus infections associated with iVDPVs, worldwide, 1962 to 2009. Mixed iVDPV infections are indicated by composite symbols.
Citation:
Chumakov K, Kew O.
2010.
The Poliovirus Eradication Initiative,
p 449-459.
In
Ehrenfeld E, Domingo E, Roos R (ed),
The Picornaviruses.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816698.ch28
References
/content/book/10.1128/9781555816698.ch28
1.
Alexander, J. P.,, K. Ehresmann,, J. Seward,, G. Wax,, K. Har-riman,, S. Fuller,, E. A. Cebelinski,, Q. Chen,, J. Jorba,, O. M. Kew,, M. A. Pallansch,, M. S. Oberste,, M. Schleiss,, J. P. Davis,, B. Warshawsky,, S. Squires, and, H. F. Hull. 2009. Transmission of imported vaccine-derived poliovirus in an under-vaccinated community—Minnesota, USA. J. Infect. Dis. 199:391–397.
2.
Alexander, L. N.,, J. F. Seward,, T. A. Santibanez,, M. A. Pallansch,, O. M. Kew,, D. R. Prevots,, P. M. Strebel,, J. Cono,, M. Wharton,, W. A. Orenstein, and, R. W. Sutter. 2004. Vaccine policy changes and epidemiology of poliomyelitis in the United States. JAMA 292:1696–1701.
3.
Blomqvist, S.,, C. Savolainen,, P. Laine,, P. Hirttio,, E. Lammin-salo,, E. Penttila,, S. Joks,, M. Roivainen, and, T. Hovi. 2004. Characterization of a highly evolved vaccine-derived poliovirus type 3 isolated from sewage in Estonia. J. Virol. 78:4876–4883.
4.
Bodian, D. 1961. Poliomyelitis immunization: mass use of oral vaccine in the United States might prevent definitive evaluation of either vaccine. Science 134:819–822.
5.
Cello, J.,, A. V. Paul, and, E. Wimmer. 2002. Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template. Science 297:1016–1018.
6.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2002. Certification of poliomyelitis eradication—European Region, June 2002. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51:572–574.
7.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1994. Certification of poliomyelitis eradication—the Americas, 1994. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 43:720–722.
8.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2001. Certification of poliomyelitis eradication—Western Pacific Region, October 2000. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 50:1–3.
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Laboratory surveillance for wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses—worldwide, January 2008-June 2009. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 58:950–954.
10.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006. National laboratory inventory for global poliovirus containment—European Region, June 2006. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 55:916–918.
11.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication—Afghanistan and Pakistan, 2008. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 58:198–201.
12.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication—India, January 2007-May 2009. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 58:719–723.
13.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication—Nigeria, January 2008-June 2009. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 58:1150–1154.
14.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006. Resurgence of wild poliovirus type 1 transmission and consequences of importation—21 countries, 2002-2005. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 55:145–150.
15.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007. Update on vaccine-derived polioviruses—worldwide, January 2006- August 2007. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 56:996–1001.
16.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Update on vaccine-derived polioviruses—worldwide, January 2008-June 2009. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 58:1002–1006.
17.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Wild poliovirus type 1 and type 3 importations—15 countries, Africa, 2008-2009. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 58:357–362.
18.
Cernáková, B.,, Z. Sobotova,, I. Rovny,, S. Blahova,, M. Roivainen, and, T. Hovi. 2005. Isolation of vaccine-derived polioviruses in the Slovak Republic. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 24:438–439.
19.
Cruz, R. R. 1984. Cuba: mass polio vaccination program, 1962-1982. Rev. Infect. Dis. 6(Suppl. 2):S408–S412.
20.
Deshpande, J. M.,, S. J. Shetty, and, Z. A. Siddiqui. 2003. Environmental surveillance system to track wild poliovirus transmission. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:2919–2927.
21.
Dowdle, W. R. 1998. The principles of disease elimination and eradication. Bull. W. H. O. 76(Suppl. 2):22–25.
22.
Dowdle, W. R.,, E. de Gourville,, O. M. Kew,, M. A. Pallansch, and, D. J. Wood. 2003. Polio eradication: the OPV paradox. Rev. Med. Virol. 13:277–291.
23.
Ehrenfeld, E.,, R. I. Glass,, V. I. Agol,, K. Chumakov,, W. Dowdle,, T. J. John,, S. L. Katz,, M. Miller,, J. G. Breman,, J. Modlin, and, P. Wright. 2008. Immunisation against poliomyelitis: moving forward. Lancet 371:1385–1387.
24.
el-Sayed, N.,, Y. el-Gamal,, A. A. Abbassy,, I. Seoud,, M. Salama,, A. Kandeel,, E. Hossny,, A. Shawky,, H. A. Hussein,, M. A. Pallansch,, H. G. van der Avoort,, A. H. Burton,, M. Sreevatsava,, P. Malankar,, M. H. Wahdan, and, R. W. Sutter. 2008. Monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine in newborns. N. Engl. J. Med. 359:1655–1665.
25.
Estívariz, C.,, M. A. Watkins,, D. Handoko,, R. Rusipah,, J. M. Deshpande,, B. J. Rana,, E. Irawan,, D. Widhiastuti,, M. A. Pallansch,, A. Thapa, and, S. Imari. 2008. A large vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreak on Madura Island, Indonesia, 2005. J. Infect. Dis. 197:347–354.
26.
Fenner, F.,, D. A. Henderson,, I. Arita,, Z. Jezek, and, I. D. Ladnyi. 1988. Smallpox and Its Eradication. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
27.
Fernández de Castro, J. 1984. Mass vaccination against poliomyelitis in Mexico. Rev. Infect. Dis. 6:S397–S399.
28.
Grassly, N. C.,, C. Fraser,, J. Wenger,, J. M. Deshpande,, R. W. Sutter,, D. L. Heymann, and, R. B. Aylward. 2006. New strategies for the elimination of polio from India. Science 314:1150–1153.
29.
Hovi, T.,, S. Blomqvist,, E. Nasr,, C. C. Burns,, T. Sarjakoski,, N. Ahmed,, C. Savolainen,, M. Roivainen,, M. Stenvik,, P. Laine,, I. Barakat,, M. H. Wahdan,, F. A. Kamel,, H. Asghar,, M. A. Pallansch,, O. M. Kew,, H. E. Gary, Jr.,, E. M. de Gourville, and, L. El Bassioni. 2005. Environmental surveillance of wild poliovirus circulation in Egypt: balancing between detection sensitivity and workload. J. Virol. Methods 126:127–134.
30.
Hovi, T.,, K. Cantell,, A. Huovalainen, and, E. Kinnunen. 1986. Outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis in Finland: widespread circulation of antigenically altered poliovirus type 3 in a vaccinated population. Lancet i:1427–1432.
31.
Jorba, J.,, R. Campagnoli,, L. De, and, O. Kew. 2008. Calibration of multiple poliovirus molecular clocks covering an extended evolutionary range. J. Virol. 82:4429–4440.
32.
Kew, O. M.,, R. W. Sutter,, E. M. de Gourville,, W. R. Dowdle, and, M. A. Pallansch. 2005. Vaccine-derived polioviruses and the endgame strategy for global polio eradication. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 59:587–635.
33.
Khetsuriani, N.,, D. R. Prevots,, L. Quick,, M. E. Elder,, M. Pallansch,, O. Kew, and, R. W. Sutter. 2003. Persistence of vaccine-derived polioviruses among immunodeficient persons with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. J. Infect. Dis. 188:1845–1852.
34.
Korotkova, E. A.,, R. Park,, E. A. Cherkasova,, G. Y. Lipskaya,, K. M. Chumakov,, E. Feldman,, O. M. Kew, and, V. I. Agol. 2003. Retrospective analysis of a local cessation of vaccination against poliomyelitis: a possible scenario for the future. J. Virol. 77:12460–12465.
35.
Landsteiner, K., and, E. Popper. 1909. Übertragung der Poliomyelitis acuta auf Affen. Zeitsch. Immunol. 2:377–390.
36.
Liang, X.,, Y. Zhang,, W. Xu,, N. Wen,, S. Zou,, L. A. Lee, and, J. Yu. 2006. An outbreak of poliomyelitis caused by type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus in China. J. Infect. Dis. 194:545–551.
37.
MacLennan, C.,, G. Dunn,, A. P. Huissoon,, D. S. Kumararatne,, J. Martín,, P. O’Leary,, R. A. Thompson,, H. Osman,, P. Wood,, P. Minor,, D. J. Wood, and, D. Pillay. 2004. Failure to clear persistent vaccine-derived neurovirulent poliovirus infection in an immunodeficient man. Lancet 363:1509–1513.
38.
Manor, Y.,, R. Handsher,, T. Halmut,, M. Neuman,, A. Bobrov,, H. Rudich,, A. Vonsover,, L. Shulman,, O. Kew, and, E. Mendel-son. 1999. Detection of poliovirus circulation by environmental surveillance in the absence of clinical cases in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:1670–1675.
39.
Nathanson, N., and, J. R. Martin. 1979. The epidemiology of poliomyelitis: enigmas surrounding its appearance, epidemicity, and disappearance. Am. J. Epidemiol. 110:672–692.
40.
National Research Council. 2006. Workshop report. Exploring the role of antiviral drugs in the eradication of polio. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
41.
Rakoto-Andrianarivelo, M.,, N. Gumede,, S. Jegouic,, J. Balanant,, S. N. Andriamamonjy,, S. Rabemanantsoa,, M. Birmingham,, B. Randriamanalina,, L. Nkolomoni,, M. Venter,, B. D. Schoub,, F. Delpeyroux, and, J. M. Reynes. 2008. Reemergence of recombinant vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreak in Madagascar. J. Infect. Dis. 197:1427–1435.
42.
Risi, J. B. 1984. The control of poliomyelitis in Brazil. Rev. Infect. Dis. 6(Suppl. 2):S400–S403.
43.
Robbins, F. C. 2004. The history of polio vaccine development, p. 17–30. In S. A. Plotkin and, W. A. Orenstein (ed.), Vaccines, 4th ed. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA.
44.
Rotz, L. D.,, A. S. Khan,, S. R. Lillibridge,, S. M. Ostroff, and, J. M. Hughes. 2002. Public health assessment of potential biological terrorism agents. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:225–230.
45.
Sabin, A. B. 1984. Strategies for elimination of poliomyelitis in different parts of the world with use of oral poliovirus vaccine. Rev. Infect. Dis. 6(Suppl. 2):S391–S396.
46.
Sabin, A. B. 1980. Vaccination against poliomyelitis in economically underdeveloped countries. Bull. W. H. O. 58:141–57.
47.
Shulman, L. M.,, Y. Manor,, D. Sofer,, R. Handsher,, T. Swartz,, F. Delpeyroux, and, E. Mendelson. 2006. Neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses in sewage from highly immune populations. PLoS One 1:e69.
48.
Smith, J.,, R. Leke,, A. Adams, and, R. H. Tangermann. 2004. Certification of polio eradication: process and lessons learned. Bull. W. H. O. 82:24–30.
49.
Sutter, R. W.,, O. M. Kew, and, S. L. Cochi. 2008. Poliovirus vaccine: live, p. 631–685. In S. A. Plotkin,, W. A. Orenstein, and, P. A. Offit (ed.), Vaccines, 5th ed. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA.
50.
World Health Organization. 2006. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine following oral poliovirus vaccine cessation. Supplement to the WHO position paper. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 81:137–144.
51.
Yang, C.-F.,, T. Naguib,, S.-J. Yang,, E. Nasr,, J. Jorba,, N. Ahmed,, R. Campagnoli,, H. van der Avoort,, H. Shimizu,, T. Yoneyama,, T. Miyamura,, M. A. Pallansch, and, O. Kew. 2003. Circulation of endemic type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus in Egypt, 1983 to 1993. J. Virol. 77:8366–8377.