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Chapter 9 : Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?
Authors:
Irene V. Wesley1,
William G. Miller2
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Affiliations:
1: Food Safety and Enteric Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, National Center for Animal Health, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010;
2: Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2010
Category: Clinical Microbiology; Bacterial Pathogenesis
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555816803
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555816803.ch9
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Abstract:
Two recent European surveys of patient stool samples ranked Arcobacter as the fourth most frequently recovered Campylobacter-like microbe. Aerotolerant campylobacteria (Arcobacter spp.) were first described as occurring in aborted porcine and bovine fetuses. Handling and consuming raw or contaminated poultry meat are acknowledged potential sources of human Arcobacter infection. Due to the phylogenetic relationship between Campylobacter and Arcobacter, it is logical to assume that animal models, virulence factors (including adherence), invasion, cytotoxicity, and toxin production of the two organisms would be similar. Classification of arcobacters as free-living, environmental organisms should be reflected in the gene content of the Arcobacter genomes. The genomes of some Arcobacter species would be predicted to contain niche-related genes, e.g., osmoprotectant genes in A. halophilus and nitrogen fixation genes in A. nitrofigilis. An multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method that could be used to type five Arcobacter species was recently designed. Future MLST and DNA microarray analyses will provide further insights into Arcobacter divergence. MLST analysis has identified putative horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events in Arcobacter. Members of the genus Arcobacter can be generalized as free-living organisms found predominantly in aqueous environments, occasionally associated with food animals, and infrequently associated with humans. The publication of the complete 2.341-Mb Arcobacter genome sequence has facilitated identification of unique virulence factors and genetic markers to monitor its transmission through the food chain and which underlie its distinctive epidemiology.
Citation:
Wesley I, Miller W.
2010.
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?,
p 185-212.
In
Scheld W, Grayson M, Hughes J (ed),
Emerging Infections 9.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816803.ch9
Figures
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?
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Citation:
Wesley I, Miller W.
2010.
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?,
p 185-212.
In
Scheld W, Grayson M, Hughes J (ed),
Emerging Infections 9.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816803.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555816803.ch09.ch09fig01
Figure 1.
Phylogenetic analysis of Arcobacter 16S rRNA gene sequences. 16S sequences were aligned using CLUSTAL X (version 2.09.5). The condensed dendrogram was constructed using the neighbor-joining algorithm and the Kimura two-parameter distance estimation method. Bootstrap values of >75%, generated from 500 replicates, are shown at the nodes. The scale bar represents substitutions per site. Sulfurospirillum deleyianum, H. pylori, C. fetus, and C. jejuni 16S sequences are included for comparison.
10.1128/9781555816803/f0187-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816803/f0187-01.gif
Figure 1.
Phylogenetic analysis of Arcobacter 16S rRNA gene sequences. 16S sequences were aligned using CLUSTAL X (version 2.09.5). The condensed dendrogram was constructed using the neighbor-joining algorithm and the Kimura two-parameter distance estimation method. Bootstrap values of >75%, generated from 500 replicates, are shown at the nodes. The scale bar represents substitutions per site. Sulfurospirillum deleyianum, H. pylori, C. fetus, and C. jejuni 16S sequences are included for comparison.
Citation:
Wesley I, Miller W.
2010.
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?,
p 185-212.
In
Scheld W, Grayson M, Hughes J (ed),
Emerging Infections 9.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816803.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555816803.ch09.ch09fig02
Figure 2.
Condensed dendrogram of unique Arcobacter sequence types (STs). For each unique sequence type, the profile allele sequences were extracted and concatenated. The concatenated allele sequences were aligned using CLUSTAL X (version 2.09.5). The dendrogram was constructed using the neighbor-joining algorithm and the Kimura two-parameter distance estimation method. Bootstrap values of >75%, generated from 500 replicates, are shown at the nodes. The scale bar represents substitutions per site. The tree is rooted to C. jejuni strain NCTC 11168. The A. halophilus strain LA31B concatenated sequence was extracted from the draft A. halophilus genome. The group 1 A. cryaerophilus sequence types include ST-209, ST-220, ST-221, ST-231, ST-232, and ST-270. Figure adopted from reference
103
.
10.1128/9781555816803/f0202-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816803/f0202-01.gif
Figure 2.
Condensed dendrogram of unique Arcobacter sequence types (STs). For each unique sequence type, the profile allele sequences were extracted and concatenated. The concatenated allele sequences were aligned using CLUSTAL X (version 2.09.5). The dendrogram was constructed using the neighbor-joining algorithm and the Kimura two-parameter distance estimation method. Bootstrap values of >75%, generated from 500 replicates, are shown at the nodes. The scale bar represents substitutions per site. The tree is rooted to C. jejuni strain NCTC 11168. The A. halophilus strain LA31B concatenated sequence was extracted from the draft A. halophilus genome. The group 1 A. cryaerophilus sequence types include ST-209, ST-220, ST-221, ST-231, ST-232, and ST-270. Figure adopted from reference 103 .
Citation:
Wesley I, Miller W.
2010.
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?,
p 185-212.
In
Scheld W, Grayson M, Hughes J (ed),
Emerging Infections 9.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816803.ch9
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Tables
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?
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Citation:
Wesley I, Miller W.
2010.
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?,
p 185-212.
In
Scheld W, Grayson M, Hughes J (ed),
Emerging Infections 9.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816803.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555816803.ch09.ch09tab01
Table 1.
Distinguishing features of Arcobacter butzleri, Campylobacter jejuni, and Helicobacter pylori
Table 1.
Distinguishing features of Arcobacter butzleri, Campylobacter jejuni, and Helicobacter pylori
Citation:
Wesley I, Miller W.
2010.
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?,
p 185-212.
In
Scheld W, Grayson M, Hughes J (ed),
Emerging Infections 9.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816803.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555816803.ch09.ch09tab02
Table 2.
Number of publications cited in Biological Abstracts describing Arcobacter, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter
Table 2.
Number of publications cited in Biological Abstracts describing Arcobacter, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter
Citation:
Wesley I, Miller W.
2010.
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?,
p 185-212.
In
Scheld W, Grayson M, Hughes J (ed),
Emerging Infections 9.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816803.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555816803.ch09.ch09tab03
Table 3.
Initial descriptions of Arcobacter species
Table 3.
Initial descriptions of Arcobacter species
Citation:
Wesley I, Miller W.
2010.
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?,
p 185-212.
In
Scheld W, Grayson M, Hughes J (ed),
Emerging Infections 9.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816803.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555816803.ch09.ch09tab04
Table 4.
Chronological listing of human cases of Arcobacter
Table 4.
Chronological listing of human cases of Arcobacter
Citation:
Wesley I, Miller W.
2010.
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?,
p 185-212.
In
Scheld W, Grayson M, Hughes J (ed),
Emerging Infections 9.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816803.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555816803.ch09.ch09tab05
Table 5.
Recovery of Arcobacter spp. from exotic animals
Table 5.
Recovery of Arcobacter spp. from exotic animals
Citation:
Wesley I, Miller W.
2010.
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?,
p 185-212.
In
Scheld W, Grayson M, Hughes J (ed),
Emerging Infections 9.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816803.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555816803.ch09.ch09tab06
Table 6.
Distribution of Arcobacter in shellfish and fish
Table 6.
Distribution of Arcobacter in shellfish and fish
Citation:
Wesley I, Miller W.
2010.
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?,
p 185-212.
In
Scheld W, Grayson M, Hughes J (ed),
Emerging Infections 9.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816803.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555816803.ch09.ch09tab07
Table 7.
Distribution of Arcobacter in healthy live birds, poultry carcasses, and meat
Table 7.
Distribution of Arcobacter in healthy live birds, poultry carcasses, and meat
Citation:
Wesley I, Miller W.
2010.
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?,
p 185-212.
In
Scheld W, Grayson M, Hughes J (ed),
Emerging Infections 9.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816803.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555816803.ch09.ch09tab08
Table 8.
Distribution of Arcobacter in feces of healthy dairy and beef cattle, raw beef, and raw milk
Table 8.
Distribution of Arcobacter in feces of healthy dairy and beef cattle, raw beef, and raw milk
Citation:
Wesley I, Miller W.
2010.
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?,
p 185-212.
In
Scheld W, Grayson M, Hughes J (ed),
Emerging Infections 9.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816803.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555816803.ch09.ch09tab09
Table 9.
Distribution of Arcobacter in live hogs and pork meat
Table 9.
Distribution of Arcobacter in live hogs and pork meat
Citation:
Wesley I, Miller W.
2010.
Arcobacter: an Opportunistic Human Food-Borne Pathogen?,
p 185-212.
In
Scheld W, Grayson M, Hughes J (ed),
Emerging Infections 9.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816803.ch9