1887

Section 6 : Gene Transfer

Authors: Judith A. Scheppler1, Patricia E. Cassin2, Rosa M. Gambier3
VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations: 1: Grainger Center for Imagination and Inquiry, Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, Aurora, Illinois; 2: Biology Department, Nassau Community College, Garden City, New York; 3: Biotechnology Learning Center, Suffolk County Community College, Selden, New York
Content Type: Textbook
Publication Year: 2000

Category: Applied and Industrial Microbiology

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:
Preview Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

Gene Transfer, Page 1 of 2

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818135/9781555811785_Chap06-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555818135/9781555811785_Chap06-2.gif

Abstract:

Yeasts are single-cell eukaryotic organisms that contain a relatively small genome yet display many cellular and molecular features in common with higher eukaryotes. Yeasts are easy to propagate and their genome is easy to manipulate, qualities that make them a good model organism for studying eukaryotic processes and for producing eukaryotic proteins. This section first discusses the importance of using yeasts in biotechnology, explains transformation in yeasts, and compares and contrasts the uses of yeasts and bacteria. Then, it moves on to plant transformation methodologies. Plants can be genetically transformed by biological and physical methods, and transgenic plants are increasingly important in agriculture. Many dicotyledonous plants (dicots) are attacked by , a pathogen causing crown gall tumors. Tumor production is induced by the presence of the Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid. The Ti plasmid can be genetically manipulated to serve as a vector for genes of interest. The section also describes the mechanism and role of Ti plasmid infection in plants, and the significance of opines. In addition, it lists some applications of gene transfer in plants.

Citation: Scheppler J, Cassin P, Gambier R. 2000. Gene Transfer, p 187-201. In Biotechnology Explorations. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818135.ch6
Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

Figures

Gene Transfer
Citation: Scheppler J, Cassin P, Gambier R. 2000. Gene Transfer, p 187-201. In Biotechnology Explorations. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818135.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555818135.chap6.fig20-1
Figure 20.1

Synthesis of beta-carotene. Beta-carotene is synthesized from farnesyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. This pathway requires four enzymes: geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, phytoene synthase, phytoene dehydrogenase-4H, and lycopene cyclase. When beta-carotene is synthesized, yeast colonies will be pigmented yellow. In the absence of lycopene cyclase, lycopene, a red pigment, accumulates instead.

10.1128/9781555818135/fig20-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818135/fig20-1.gif
Image of Figure 20.1
Figure 20.1

Synthesis of beta-carotene. Beta-carotene is synthesized from farnesyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. This pathway requires four enzymes: geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, phytoene synthase, phytoene dehydrogenase-4H, and lycopene cyclase. When beta-carotene is synthesized, yeast colonies will be pigmented yellow. In the absence of lycopene cyclase, lycopene, a red pigment, accumulates instead.

Citation: Scheppler J, Cassin P, Gambier R. 2000. Gene Transfer, p 187-201. In Biotechnology Explorations. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818135.ch6
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555818135.chap6.fig20-2
Figure 20.2

Plasmids pARC145G and pARC1520, used to transform for production of beta-carotene. pARC145G contains the genes for GGPP synthase and phytoene synthase. pARC1520 contains the genes for phytoene dehydrogenase-4H and lycopene cyclase. All four gene products must be present for synthesis of beta-carotene.

10.1128/9781555818135/fig20-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818135/fig20-2.gif
Image of Figure 20.2
Figure 20.2

Plasmids pARC145G and pARC1520, used to transform for production of beta-carotene. pARC145G contains the genes for GGPP synthase and phytoene synthase. pARC1520 contains the genes for phytoene dehydrogenase-4H and lycopene cyclase. All four gene products must be present for synthesis of beta-carotene.

Citation: Scheppler J, Cassin P, Gambier R. 2000. Gene Transfer, p 187-201. In Biotechnology Explorations. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818135.ch6
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555818135.chap6.ex2-fig-pg193
Untitled
10.1128/9781555818135/ex20-fig-pg193_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818135/ex20-fig-pg193.gif
Image of Untitled
Untitled

Citation: Scheppler J, Cassin P, Gambier R. 2000. Gene Transfer, p 187-201. In Biotechnology Explorations. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818135.ch6
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555818135.chap6.fig21-1
Figure 21.1

The Ti plasmid. T-DNA includes left and right borders and auxin, cytokinin, and opine synthesis genes. Other sequences on the plasmid include the ori (origin of replication), genes, and opine catabolism genes.

10.1128/9781555818135/fig21-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818135/fig21-1.gif
Image of Figure 21.1
Figure 21.1

The Ti plasmid. T-DNA includes left and right borders and auxin, cytokinin, and opine synthesis genes. Other sequences on the plasmid include the ori (origin of replication), genes, and opine catabolism genes.

Citation: Scheppler J, Cassin P, Gambier R. 2000. Gene Transfer, p 187-201. In Biotechnology Explorations. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818135.ch6
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555818135.chap6.fig21-2
Figure 21.2

Chemical structure of nopaline, an opine.

10.1128/9781555818135/fig21-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818135/fig21-2.gif
Image of Figure 21.2
Figure 21.2

Chemical structure of nopaline, an opine.

Citation: Scheppler J, Cassin P, Gambier R. 2000. Gene Transfer, p 187-201. In Biotechnology Explorations. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818135.ch6
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555818135.chap6.fig21-3
Figure 21.3

Guide diagram for paper chromatography of leaf lysates.

10.1128/9781555818135/fig21-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818135/fig21-3.gif
Image of Figure 21.3
Figure 21.3

Guide diagram for paper chromatography of leaf lysates.

Citation: Scheppler J, Cassin P, Gambier R. 2000. Gene Transfer, p 187-201. In Biotechnology Explorations. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818135.ch6
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555818135.chap6.fig21-4
Figure 21.4

Paper chromatography apparatus. (A) Paper chromatogram cylinder showing positions of samples and staples. (B) After equilibrium of liquid and gas phases, the chromatogram is inserted in the closed chamber. (C) A glass plate is used to cover and seal the chamber.

10.1128/9781555818135/fig21-4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555818135/fig21-4.gif
Image of Figure 21.4
Figure 21.4

Paper chromatography apparatus. (A) Paper chromatogram cylinder showing positions of samples and staples. (B) After equilibrium of liquid and gas phases, the chromatogram is inserted in the closed chamber. (C) A glass plate is used to cover and seal the chamber.

Citation: Scheppler J, Cassin P, Gambier R. 2000. Gene Transfer, p 187-201. In Biotechnology Explorations. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555818135.ch6
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555818135.chap6
1. Armstrong, G. A.,, and J. E. Hearst. 1996. Carotenoids 2: genetics and molecular biology of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis. FASEB J. 10:228–237.
2. Ausubel, F. M.,, R. Brent,, R. E. Kingston,, D. D. Moore,, J. G. Seidman,, J. A. Smith,, and K. Struhl (ed.). 1994. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Wiley Interscience, New York, N.Y.
3. Brown, A. J. P.,, and M. F. Tuite (ed.). 1998. Methods in Microbiology, volume 26. Yeast Gene Analysis. Academic Press Inc., New York, N.Y.
4. Demain, A. L. 1999. Stunning achievements of industrial microbiology. ASM News 65:311–316.
5. Glick, B. R.,, and J. J. Pasternak. 1998. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
6. Hundle, B.,, M. Alberti,, V. Nievelstein,, P. Beyer,, H. Kleinig,, G. A. Armstrong,, D. H. Burke,, and J. E. Hearst. 1994. Functional assignment of Erwinia herbicola EholO carotenoid genes expressed in Escherichia coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 245:406–416.
7. Hundle, B. S.,, P. Beyer,, H. Kleinig,, G. Englert,, and J. E. Hearst. 1991. Carotenoids of Erwinia herbicola and an Escherichia coli HB101 strain carrying the Erwinia herbicola carotenoid gene cluster. Photochem. Photobiol. 54:89–93.
8. Hundle, B. S.,, D. A. O'Brien,, P. Beyer,, H. Kleinig,, and J. E. Hearst. 1993. In vitro expression and activity of lycopene cyclase and beta-carotene hydroxylase from Erwinia herbicola. FEBS Lett. 315:329–334.
9. Misawa, N.,, and H. Shimada. 1997. Metabolic engineering for the production of carotenoids in non-carotenogenic bacteria and yeasts. J. Bioteclmol. 59:169–181.
10. Miura, Y.,, K. Kondo,, T. Saito,, H. Shimada,, P. D. Fraser,, and N. Misawa. 1998. Production of the carotenoids lycopene, beta-carotene, and astaxanthin in the food yeast Candida utilis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1226–1229.
11. Miura, Y.,, K. Kondo,, H. Shimada,, T. Saito,, K. Nakamura,, and N. Misawa. 1998. Production of lycopene by the food yeast, Candida utilis, that does not naturally synthesize carotenoid. Bioteclmol. Bioeng. 58:306–308.
12. Paetkau, D. W.,, J. A. Riese,, W. S. MacMorran,, R. A. Woods,, and R. D. Gietz. 1994. Interaction of the yeast RAD7 and SIR3 proteins: implications for DNA repair and chromatin structure. Genes Dev. 8:2035–2045.
13. Perry, K. L.,, T. A. Simonitch,, K. J. Harrison-Lavoie,, and S. T. Liu. 1986. Cloning and regulation of Erwinia herbicola pigment genes. J. Bacteriol. 168:607–612.
14. Tuveson, R. W.,,and G. Sandmann. 1993. Protection by cloned carotenoid genes expressed in Escherichia coli against phototoxic molecules activated by near-ultraviolet light. Methods Enzymol. 214:323–330.
15. Bilang, R.,, and M. Schrott,. 1995. Genetic manipulation of plant cells. In R. A. Meyers (ed.), Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: a Comprehensive Desk Reference. VCH Publishers, New York, N.Y.
16. Clark, D. P.,, and L. D. Russell. 1997. Molecular Biology Made Simple and Fun. Cache River Press, Vienna, I11.
17. DellaPenna, D. 1999. Nutritional genomics: manipulating plant micronutrients to improve human health. Science 285:375–379.
18. Glick, B. R.,, and J. J. Pasternak. 1998. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
19. Lebowitz, R. J. 1995. Plant Biotechnology: a Laboratory Manual. William C. Brown, Dubuque, Iowa.
20. Lodish, H.,, D. Baltimore,, A. Berk,, S. L. Zipursky,, P. Matsudaira,, and J. Darnell. 1995. Molecular Cell Biology, 3rd ed. W. H. Freeman & Co., New York, N.Y.
21. Mazur, B.,, E. Krebbers,, and S. Tingey. 1999. Gene discovery and product development for grain quality traits. Science 285:372–375.
22. Oard, J., 1995. Physical methods for plant cell transformation. In R. A. Meyers (ed.), Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: a Comprehensive Desk Reference. VCH Publishers, New York, N.Y.
23. Ronald, P. C. 1997. Making rice disease-resistant. Sci. Am. 276:100–105.
24. Vidaver, A. K. 1999. Plant microbiology: century of discovery, with golden years ahead. ASM News 65:358–363.

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error