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Category: Viruses and Viral Pathogenesis
Bunyaviridae: Orthobunyaviruses, Phleboviruses Nairoviruses, and Hantaviruses, Page 1 of 2
< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555819439/9781555819422.ch44-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555819439/9781555819422.ch44-2.gifAbstract:
The family Bunyaviridae is the largest family of viruses and includes many known human, animal, and plant pathogens. The clinical diseases produced in humans range from acute febrile illnesses, such as sandfly fever, to more distinct clinical syndromes such as California encephalitis (CE), Rift Valley fever (RVF), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), which is also referred to in the literature as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Sandfly fever, RVF, and HFRS are common. Although most of the remaining diseases probably cause no more than a few hundred cases each year, some are associated with a high mortality rate (particularly CCHF and HCPS), and two (CE and HCPS) are endemic in North America.
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Model for Bunyaviridae replication. The principal steps in replication are (1) attachment of Gn to integrin receptor; (2) entry and uncoating; (3) replication, cRNA synthesis from vRNA genome; (4) transcription, mRNA synthesis from vRNA genome; (5) replication, vRNA synthesis from cRNA template; (6) translation, L and M mRNA translated on free ribosomes and M translation on RER; N and RdRp and L, M, and S genomes move to Golgi; (7) packaging, assembly of genomic RNAs and proteins at Golgi (some evidence for New World viruses assembling on plasma membrane); and (8) budding. Virion release, Golgi vesicles release virion by budding with plasma membrane.
Model for Bunyaviridae replication. The principal steps in replication are (1) attachment of Gn to integrin receptor; (2) entry and uncoating; (3) replication, cRNA synthesis from vRNA genome; (4) transcription, mRNA synthesis from vRNA genome; (5) replication, vRNA synthesis from cRNA template; (6) translation, L and M mRNA translated on free ribosomes and M translation on RER; N and RdRp and L, M, and S genomes move to Golgi; (7) packaging, assembly of genomic RNAs and proteins at Golgi (some evidence for New World viruses assembling on plasma membrane); and (8) budding. Virion release, Golgi vesicles release virion by budding with plasma membrane.
Distribution of Peromyscus maniculatus and location of HPS cases as of 9 May 2006. Total cases (N = 438 in 30 states) (from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).
Distribution of Peromyscus maniculatus and location of HPS cases as of 9 May 2006. Total cases (N = 438 in 30 states) (from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).
Peripheral blood smear from a patient with the cardiopulmonary stage of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. Note the immunoblast with basophilic cytoplasm, prominent nucleolus, and high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. Also note immature neutrophils. Courtesy of R. Feddersen.
Peripheral blood smear from a patient with the cardiopulmonary stage of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. Note the immunoblast with basophilic cytoplasm, prominent nucleolus, and high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. Also note immature neutrophils. Courtesy of R. Feddersen.
Pulmonary histology in a patient who died from hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. Note the intra-alveolar and septal edema, interstitial infiltrates with mononuclear cells, and sparse hyaline membrane. In contrast to patients with ARDS, the hyaline membranes are largely devoid of inflammatory cells and cellular debris. Courtesy of Dr. K Nolte.
Pulmonary histology in a patient who died from hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. Note the intra-alveolar and septal edema, interstitial infiltrates with mononuclear cells, and sparse hyaline membrane. In contrast to patients with ARDS, the hyaline membranes are largely devoid of inflammatory cells and cellular debris. Courtesy of Dr. K Nolte.
Clinical course and typical laboratory findings in severe hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome and severe hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Reprinted from reference ( 145 ) with permission of the publisher.
Clinical course and typical laboratory findings in severe hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome and severe hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Reprinted from reference ( 145 ) with permission of the publisher.
Bilateral pulmonary edema in a patient with the cardiopulmonary stage of HCPS. Courtesy of L Ketai.
Bilateral pulmonary edema in a patient with the cardiopulmonary stage of HCPS. Courtesy of L Ketai.
Flow diagram for the management of patients suspected of having hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in the cardiopulmonary stage pending IgG and IgM antihantavirus antibody results. Reprinted from reference ( 148 ) with permission of the publisher.
Flow diagram for the management of patients suspected of having hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in the cardiopulmonary stage pending IgG and IgM antihantavirus antibody results. Reprinted from reference ( 148 ) with permission of the publisher.
Survival without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation among ribavirin recipients versus placebo recipients in a trial of intravenous ribavirin therapy for hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. Solid line, ribavirin recipients (N = 10); broken line, placebo recipients (N = 13). Reprinted from reference ( 179 ) with permission of the publisher.
Survival without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation among ribavirin recipients versus placebo recipients in a trial of intravenous ribavirin therapy for hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. Solid line, ribavirin recipients (N = 10); broken line, placebo recipients (N = 13). Reprinted from reference ( 179 ) with permission of the publisher.
Kaplan-Meier survival analysis by treatment arm and severity at entry. P1: significance between methylprednisolone and placebo arm. P2: significance between sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) >8 and ≤8 at entry. Reprinted from reference ( 182 ) with permission of the publisher.
Kaplan-Meier survival analysis by treatment arm and severity at entry. P1: significance between methylprednisolone and placebo arm. P2: significance between sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) >8 and ≤8 at entry. Reprinted from reference ( 182 ) with permission of the publisher.
Worldwide distribution of CCHF virus. Reprinted from reference ( 248 ) with permission of the publisher.
Worldwide distribution of CCHF virus. Reprinted from reference ( 248 ) with permission of the publisher.
Clinical and laboratory course of CCHF. Reprinted from reference ( 248 ) with permission of the publisher.
Clinical and laboratory course of CCHF. Reprinted from reference ( 248 ) with permission of the publisher.