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Category: Bacterial Pathogenesis; Clinical Microbiology
The Emerging Amphibian Fungal Disease, Chytridiomycosis: A Key Example of the Global Phenomenon of Wildlife Emerging Infectious Diseases, Page 1 of 2
< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555819453/9781555819446_Chap21-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555819453/9781555819446_Chap21-2.gifAbstract:
During the latter half of the 20th century, it was noticed that global amphibian populations had entered a state of unusually rapid decline. Hundreds of species have since become categorized as “missing” or “lost,” a growing number of which are now believed extinct ( 1 ). Amphibians are often regarded as environmental indicator species because of their highly permeable skin and biphasic life cycles, during which most species inhabit aquatic zones as larvae and as adults become semi or wholly terrestrial. This means their overall health is closely tied to that of the landscape. Amphibian declines in recent decades are largely attributed to increases in habitat destruction, pollution, and commercial exploitation, but enigmatic declines and mass mortality events began to be observed in seemingly healthy environments, suggesting that an additional factor with considerable negative impact was also influencing declines ( 2 , 3 ).
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Detection of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis as of August 2015, as reported in the literature. Black shading represents one or more confirmed detections of B. dendrobatidis illustrated at the country level and should be interpreted conservatively.
Detection of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis as of August 2015, as reported in the literature. Black shading represents one or more confirmed detections of B. dendrobatidis illustrated at the country level and should be interpreted conservatively.
Minimum global distribution of amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis pre-1935. The exportation of Xenopus laevis from Africa began in 1935, marking the emergence of the modern international amphibian trade. Black shading represents B. dendrobatidis detection in archived museum specimens. Shaded countries and year of B. dendrobatidis presence include United States (1888), Brazil (1894), Japan (1902), North Korea (1911), and Cameroon (1933).
Minimum global distribution of amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis pre-1935. The exportation of Xenopus laevis from Africa began in 1935, marking the emergence of the modern international amphibian trade. Black shading represents B. dendrobatidis detection in archived museum specimens. Shaded countries and year of B. dendrobatidis presence include United States (1888), Brazil (1894), Japan (1902), North Korea (1911), and Cameroon (1933).