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Chapter 21 : The Emerging Amphibian Fungal Disease, Chytridiomycosis: A Key Example of the Global Phenomenon of Wildlife Emerging Infectious Diseases

Authors: Jonathan E. Kolby1, Peter Daszak3
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Affiliations: 1: One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; 2: EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001; 3: EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2016

Category: Bacterial Pathogenesis; Clinical Microbiology

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Abstract:

During the latter half of the 20th century, it was noticed that global amphibian populations had entered a state of unusually rapid decline. Hundreds of species have since become categorized as “missing” or “lost,” a growing number of which are now believed extinct ( ). Amphibians are often regarded as environmental indicator species because of their highly permeable skin and biphasic life cycles, during which most species inhabit aquatic zones as larvae and as adults become semi or wholly terrestrial. This means their overall health is closely tied to that of the landscape. Amphibian declines in recent decades are largely attributed to increases in habitat destruction, pollution, and commercial exploitation, but enigmatic declines and mass mortality events began to be observed in seemingly healthy environments, suggesting that an additional factor with considerable negative impact was also influencing declines ( ).

Citation: Kolby J, Daszak P. 2016. The Emerging Amphibian Fungal Disease, Chytridiomycosis: A Key Example of the Global Phenomenon of Wildlife Emerging Infectious Diseases, p 385-407. In Scheld W, Hughes J, Whitley R (ed), Emerging infections 10. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.EI10-0004-2015
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The Emerging Amphibian Fungal Disease, Chytridiomycosis: A Key Example of the Global Phenomenon of Wildlife Emerging Infectious Diseases
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Citation: Kolby J, Daszak P. 2016. The Emerging Amphibian Fungal Disease, Chytridiomycosis: A Key Example of the Global Phenomenon of Wildlife Emerging Infectious Diseases, p 385-407. In Scheld W, Hughes J, Whitley R (ed), Emerging infections 10. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.EI10-0004-2015
/content/10.1128/9781555819453.chap21.fig21-1
Figure 1

Detection of the amphibian chytrid fungus as of August 2015, as reported in the literature. Black shading represents one or more confirmed detections of illustrated at the country level and should be interpreted conservatively.

10.1128/9781555819453/fig21-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555819453/fig21-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Detection of the amphibian chytrid fungus as of August 2015, as reported in the literature. Black shading represents one or more confirmed detections of illustrated at the country level and should be interpreted conservatively.

Citation: Kolby J, Daszak P. 2016. The Emerging Amphibian Fungal Disease, Chytridiomycosis: A Key Example of the Global Phenomenon of Wildlife Emerging Infectious Diseases, p 385-407. In Scheld W, Hughes J, Whitley R (ed), Emerging infections 10. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.EI10-0004-2015
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Figure 2

Minimum global distribution of amphibian chytrid fungus pre-1935. The exportation of from Africa began in 1935, marking the emergence of the modern international amphibian trade. Black shading represents detection in archived museum specimens. Shaded countries and year of presence include United States (1888), Brazil (1894), Japan (1902), North Korea (1911), and Cameroon (1933).

10.1128/9781555819453/fig21-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555819453/fig21-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Minimum global distribution of amphibian chytrid fungus pre-1935. The exportation of from Africa began in 1935, marking the emergence of the modern international amphibian trade. Black shading represents detection in archived museum specimens. Shaded countries and year of presence include United States (1888), Brazil (1894), Japan (1902), North Korea (1911), and Cameroon (1933).

Citation: Kolby J, Daszak P. 2016. The Emerging Amphibian Fungal Disease, Chytridiomycosis: A Key Example of the Global Phenomenon of Wildlife Emerging Infectious Diseases, p 385-407. In Scheld W, Hughes J, Whitley R (ed), Emerging infections 10. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.EI10-0004-2015
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