Wastewater Treatment
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14 results
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Biofilms for Babies: Introducing Microbes and Biofilms to Preschool-Aged Children †
- Author: Jillian M. Couto
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Citation: Couto J. 2017. Biofilms for babies: introducing microbes and biofilms to preschool-aged children † . 18(1): doi:10.1128/jmbe.v18i1.1273
- DOI 10.1128/jmbe.v18i1.1273
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Abstract:
Microbes are beneficial to life on our planet as they facilitate natural processes such as global nutrient cycling in our environment. This article details a 30-minute activity to introduce pre-school children ranging from 3 to 5 years of age to microbes and biofilms in the natural environment.
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Color-Removal by Microorganisms Isolated from Human Hands
- Author: Tsukasa Ito
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Citation: Ito T. 2013. Color-removal by microorganisms isolated from human hands. 14(2):244-247 doi:10.1128/jmbe.v14i2.545
- DOI 10.1128/jmbe.v14i2.545
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Abstract:
Microorganisms are essential for human life. Microorganisms decompose the carbon compounds in dead animals and plants and convert them into carbon dioxide. Intestinal bacteria assist in food digestion. Some vitamins are produced by bacteria that live in the intestines. Sewage and industrial wastewater are treated by activated sludge composed of microbial communities. All of these are due to the ability of microbes to produce many enzymes that can degrade chemicals. How do teachers make students understand that microorganisms are always associated with humans, and that microorganisms have the ability to degrade chemicals? The presence of microorganisms on humans can be shown by incubating agar plates after they are touched by the hands of students. The ability of microorganisms to degrade chemicals can be shown by an analytical measurement of the degradation of chemicals. When the chemicals are dyes (colorants) in water, microbial activity on degradation of dyes can be demonstrated by observing a decreasing degree of color as a result of the enzymatic activity (e.g., azoreductase). Dyes are widely used in the textile, food, and cosmetic industries. They are generally resistant to conventional biological wastewater treatment systems such as the activated sludge process (4). The discharge of wastewater containing dye pollutes surface water. The ability of microorganisms to decolorize and degrade dyes has been widely investigated to use for bioremediation purposes (5). The goal of this tip is to understand the presence of bacteria on human skin and the ability of bacteria to degrade colorant chemicals (decolorization). In this tip, students first cultivate and isolate bacteria on their hands, and then examine potential decolorization activity of each bacterium by observing the degree of color of the liquid in tubes in which bacteria isolated from students’ hands were inoculated. Decolorization activity of bacterial isolates from human skin has been reported recently (6). To date this author has frequently obtained colorant-degrading bacterial isolates from human hands as a result of work on a scientific education project. This tip does not require analytical measurements. Students can examine a number of bacterial isolates simultaneously. Therefore, it is appropriate for high school and introductory level college courses.
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Role-Based Panel Discussions to Teach Socio-Economic Consequences of Wastewater Treatment †
- Authors: Pamela Vrabl*, Olivia Vrabl
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Citation: Vrabl P, Vrabl O. 2012. Role-based panel discussions to teach socio-economic consequences of wastewater treatment † . 13(1):54-56 doi:10.1128/jmbe.v13i1.349
- DOI 10.1128/jmbe.v13i1.349
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Abstract:
Wastewater treatment is getting more and more complex. From a biotechnological point of view, numerous new treatment techniques have been established in the past two decades to meet the increasing need to remove harmful substances. In addition, wastewater treatment is governed by socio-economic and geopolitical interests. As discussions outside the scientific community often include irrational reasoning, students need to be trained to react to invalid arguments. By use of a role-based panel discussion, this goal could be reached.
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Nitrification: An Introduction and Overview of the State of the Field
- Author: Bess B. Ward
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Source: Nitrification , pp 3-8
Publication Date :
January 2011
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Nitrogen is an essential element for life, a major component of proteins and nucleic acids. Cultivated ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) provided the basis for investigations into the physiology and biochemistry of nitrification for decades and supported the ecological inferences obtained from field studies. Most of this work was done on AOB, and even now, the NOB are much less studied in the environment. The discovery of novel organisms and novel pathways are the most important findings to be documented in the field of nitrification since the publication of the last monograph in 1986. But just as important, and absolutely critical to these discoveries, are the changes in the study and methodology of nitrification. Both independently and in parallel with these advances in the molecular biology of nitrification, major advances in understanding their biochemistry and regulation have also occurred in the last 25 years. Major insights about ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) genomics and metabolic capabilities are discussed. Microbial ecology has been transformed into molecular ecology, so great has been the impact of molecular biological methods in the study of microbes in natural and managed systems. Ribosomal RNA and functional gene sequence data are now the standard for investigation of microbial diversity, distribution, and activity in the environment. These methods have made it possible to investigate environmental control of nitrification, regulation in response to changing conditions, the discovery of great uncultured diversity, and an understanding of succession and biogeography among functionally similar types.
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Heterotrophic Nitrification and Nitrifier Denitrification
- Author: Lisa Y. Stein
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Source: Nitrification , pp 95-114
Publication Date :
January 2011
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This chapter on describes the physiology and biochemical pathways of heterotrophic nitrification and nitrifier denitrification, a description of the genetic and organism diversity involved, and a brief description of techniques to discern one process from another. A final perspective is offered on how anthropogenic input of nitrogen affects microbial transformations of inorganic N with particular emphasis on emissions of gaseous N-oxides to the atmosphere. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) can produce nitrous oxide by two different pathways, hydroxylamine oxidation or nitrifier denitrification. The technical breakthrough to discriminate nitrous oxide production from nitrification, nitrifier denitrification, and denitrification was the detection of individual nitrous oxide isotopomers using isotope ratio mass spectroscopy. The δ15N of nitrous oxide produced from hydroxylamine oxidation was significantly more positive than that from nitrifier denitrification or denitrification. This study found that the site preference of 15N in nitrous oxide was significantly different during nitrifier denitrification by AOB versus denitrification by two species of Pseudomonas. The chapter touches on largely understudied, but highly significant, processes of inorganic nitrogen metabolism that impact the global nitrogen cycle. Many of the studies cited in this chapter suggest that these processes are strongly influenced by the availability of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in the environment. It describes microbial populations and processes that make nitrous oxide in response to increased fertilizer use, nitrogen deposition, and hypoxia.
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Nitrification in Wastewater Treatment
- Authors: Satoshi Okabe, Yoshiteru Aoi, Hisashi Satoh, Yuichi Suwa
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Source: Nitrification , pp 405-433
Publication Date :
January 2011
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Abstract:
Microbial nitrification is a necessary step in removing nitrogen from wastewaters via biological denitrification and is becoming more important due to strict regulations on nitrogen discharge. However, microbial nitrification is recognized as being difficult to maintain in practical wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) owing to the lower kinetics, yields, and sensitivity of nitrifying bacteria to physical, chemical, and environmental disturbances as mentioned, even though nitrification has been studied more than any other specific biochemical reactions occurring in wastewater treatment to date. Influent NO2 -, chromium, and nickel influenced the AOB community structure, while correlations between other metals analyzed in this study and the AOB community structure were insignificant. As an oxidation process, nitrification significantly consumes oxygen, and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is a key factor for maintaining nitrification stably as well as pH. In an activated sludge process, 3% salt inhibited both the maximum utilization rate and the saturation constant, suggesting uncompetitive inhibition. Nitrification in wastewater treatment systems has been studied extensively. Despite their importance, knowledge about the identity and ecology of nitrifying bacteria carrying out nitrification in WWTPs has been scarce. Thus, biological nitrogen removal processes have been regarded as “a black box” in practice because the lack of fundamental microbiological understanding hampers knowledge-driven process design and operation.
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CONTENTS
- Publication Date : January 2010
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No descriptions available.
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Continuous Culture
- Authors: An-Ping Zeng, Jibin Sun
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Source: Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Third Edition , pp 685-699
Publication Date :
January 2010
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The major applications of continuous culture are, however, still found in fundamental studies and process optimization at laboratory scale. This chapter provides a brief introduction to the general concept and theory of different types of continuous culture. The design and operation of equipment and experiments are discussed from an application point of view. Depending on the control parameter and the operation mode, continuous culture can be classified into four general types. The general concept and theory of four types of continuous culture are described in a detailed manner. A chemostat is usually started as a batch culture. The specific growth rate of a chemostat culture can be determined from a material balance for biomass: net increase in biomass = biomass in incoming medium + growth - output - death. Generally speaking, auxostats have the following advantages over conventional chemostats. First, auxostats permit stable operation in the “high-gain” areas near the maximum growth rate. Second, they reach steady state more rapidly at high dilution rates than the open-loop chemostat. Third, population selection pressures in an auxostat lead to cultures that grow rapidly. Finally, it is possible to design a dual set point auxostat that controls two growth parameters simultaneously. Nutrient reservoirs for continuous culture should have ports for feeding, addition and/or mixing of heat-labile nutrients and substrate, venting, and sparging of the medium. In particular, recent developments in implementing continuous culture in microfluidics or microdevices are worth mentioning and are briefly summarized in this chapter.
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Energetic Aspects of Methanogenic Feeding Webs
- Author: Bernhard Schink
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Source: Bioenergy , pp 171-178
Publication Date :
January 2008
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The degradation of organic matter by methanogenesis is the most complex and the most efficient way of transforming organic matter into an energetically useful product. This chapter deals with the complex cooperations in methanogenic microbial communities under different treatment regimes and the technological perspectives in the optimization of energy recovery from biomass treatment in the present and in the future. Energy-rich products other than methane can be produced fermentatively from biomass. A real breakthrough in the treatment of high-strength wastewaters was the development of the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) technology developed by G. Lettinga and his coworkers in Wageningen, The Netherlands, in the 1980s. Although the reason for the development of the microbial aggregates remains obscure, the UASB technology has proven to be applicable to many different types of high-load wastewaters and has conquered the market in this field nearly worldwide. All major constituents of living biomass or organic waste materials can be converted to methane plus CO2, with the only exceptions being lignin and lignocellulose. It is the energetic efficiency that makes the overall process possible at all, but it also limits its kinetic and dynamic versatility.
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Overview of Water Microbiology as It Relates to Public Health
- Author: Christon J. Hurst
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Source: Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Third Edition , pp 219-221
Publication Date :
January 2007
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Abstract:
One of the most important aspects of water microbiology, from a human perspective, is the fact that we acquire numerous diseases from microorganisms found in water. The reservoirs for pathogenic microorganisms found in environmental waters can be humans, animals, or the environment itself, as summarized in this chapter. However, it commonly is presumed that many of those microorganisms that infect humans and are found in our aquatic resources originate from human sources. This anthropogenic contamination can occur during either defecation in water or recreational activities conducted in water. In addition, domestic wastewater is of particular importance as a contributor of the pathogenic contaminants found in aquatic environments; the attendant public health concerns have resulted in the development of methods for studying and reducing the levels of pathogens in wastewater. The treatment of wastewater also is intended to reduce the contamination of crops that may occur when wastewater is eventually discharged onto land surfaces. The goal of this chapter to represent and summarize the current knowledge on public health aspects of water microbiology.
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Nucleotide Fingerprints in Nature
- Author: David M. Karl
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Source: Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, Third Edition , pp 869-878
Publication Date :
January 2007
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Abstract:
Microorganisms are the key to Earth’s habitability. They harvest light energy, produce organic matter, and facilitate the turnover of key bioelements like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S). Furthermore, it now appears that certain ubiquitous marine microorganisms, e.g., Synechococcus, and Prochlorococcus, may have reduced cell quotas of membrane phospholipids, so they would not be accurately represented in the environmental microbial biomass assessment. The correlations between nucleic acid synthesis, protein synthesis, and cell growth are so universally accepted that they lend themselves well to the study of complex microbial assemblages in nature. This chapter focuses on the most basic and most widely used aspect of the environmental microbial nucleotide fingerprint, namely, the measurement of cellular ATP as a biomass indicator. The preferred method of ATP quantification is the firefly bioluminescence reaction, but a variety of analytical techniques are available for either discrete sample or continuous flow analyses. A review of analytical issues concerned with ATP extraction efficiency from soils has recently appeared. ADP and AMP are both quantitatively coextracted with ATP. Despite recent and significant progress, the field of microbial ecology is still "methods-limited" with regard to the most fundamental properties of natural microbial assemblages, namely, biomass and metabolic activity estimation of the total population.
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Microbial Control of Hydrogen Sulfide Production in Oil Reservoirs
- Authors: Egil Sunde, Terje Torsvik
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Source: Petroleum Microbiology , pp 201-213
Publication Date :
January 2005
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Abstract:
Reservoir souring is experienced in most fields flooded with water containing sulfate. The principle in nitrate treatment is to promote an acceptable microbial population of nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) at the expense of the unwanted sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) population. Water injection into oil reservoirs would be expected to radically change the conditions for the microbes in that environment. The environment close to the injection well will therefore be different from the environment deeper in the reservoir. SRB growing on hexadecane in pure cultures can produce close to 680 mg of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)/liter before sulfide becomes inhibitory. The main modification from the published version is the incorporation of the observed relatively low potential for H2S generation. The biofilm model is supported by field observations. In a recent study, treatment with 0.5 mM nitrate resulted in complete inhibition of SRB activity. The existing biocide injection pumps can normally handle the required nitrate volumes, but on most platforms additional storage capacity must be made available. This can be achieved by installing a new tank or by dedicating an old completion tank, for example, to the nitrate brine. The chemical storage area is now free from the irritating and potentially carcinogenic fumes of conventional biocides.
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Sectors and Markets
- Author: Alan T. Bull
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Source: Microbial Diversity and Bioprospecting , pp 319-323
Publication Date :
January 2004
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Abstract:
The early euphoria of biotechnology 20 to 30 years ago was strongly science driven, and its products were largely expected in the health care sector. Maturity in the intervening years has directed attention increasingly toward bringing products to market and to widening the range of sectors within which biotechnology innovation can be applied. Consequently this chapter is intended to illustrate only a few current trends in commercial biotechnology, without laying claim to being comprehensive. One of the many omissions in the chapter—biomaterials and biomimetics—is treated briefly as a comment on how efforts to mimic nature (biodiversity) are leading to biotechnology innovations. Biotechnology is now established as a robust, reliable, and relatively low-risk technology and is capable of being implemented on a large scale and across the full range of industrial sectors. Market contributions of biotechnology products can be categorized as (i) sales of new products directly attributable to the use of modern biotechnology, (ii) sales of products manufactured by improved processes that make direct use of modern biotechnology (direct impact, e.g., recombinant products), and (iii) sales of products manufactured by improved processes using the products of biotechnology arising in other industries (indirect impact, e.g., biocatalysts). Recent estimates of biotechnology markets, expressed as the shares of worldwide and forecasts for 2005 are shown in a table for seven major industrial sectors.
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Biotreatment
- Authors: Linda Louise Blackall, Christine Yeates
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Source: Microbial Diversity and Bioprospecting , pp 397-404
Publication Date :
January 2004
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Biotreatment covers a broad field and it likely has different definitions in the view of different individuals. This chapter covers some aspects of biotreatment, and then briefly discusses different biotreatment topics. There are many different technologies used in biotreatment from classical to procedures that are still under development. The chapter focuses on the approaches from the biotreatment industry and some of the limitations of biotreatment. The biotreatments presume the employment of microorganisms. Several novel microorganisms have been discovered in the biotreatment industry, and many of them are as yet not in pure culture. A plethora of studies have explored the microbial community structures of different biotreatment systems where novel biodiversity is a common theme. Different biotreatment processes collectively accommodate an extremely wide spectrum of the diversity of microorganisms. The chapter concludes with a detailed case study of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). The EBPR is a widely applied process to facilitate the removal of phosphorus from wastewater via microbial activity.