Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Teaching the History of Microbiology and the Transformation of the Laboratory: A Study in Miniature
- Author: Linda S. Guthertz
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Citation: Guthertz L. 2017. Teaching the history of microbiology and the transformation of the laboratory: a study in miniature. 18(1): doi:10.1128/jmbe.v18i1.1266
- DOI 10.1128/jmbe.v18i1.1266
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Abstract:
This article presents a technique for bringing the history of microbiology to life in an exciting way. Eight miniature models were created, based on photographs or drawings, showing scientists at work in their labs. The models chosen represent important discoveries in microbiology, illustrating changes and advances in techniques and tools over the history of the discipline from 1600 through 2000. They serve as a novel and engaging teaching tool. While the instructor still presents the historic facts, the use of models provides the feeling of being there! They can also serve as a record for the future.
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Microbe Mentor:A Career Option in Government: Principal Investigator and Regulatory Affairs at the FDA
- Publication Date : December 2016
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What are the other options available for grad students besides academia and industry?
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Paleopathology and Paleomicrobiology of Malaria
- Author: Andreas Nerlich
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Citation: Nerlich A. 2016. Paleopathology and paleomicrobiology of malaria. 4(6): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0006-2015
- DOI 10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0006-2015
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Abstract:
Malaria is a disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, transmitted through the bites of female anopheles flies. Plasmodium falciparum causes severe malaria with undulating high fever (malaria tropica). Literary evidence of malarial infection dates back to the early Greek period, when Hippocrates described the typical undulating fever highly suggestive of plasmodial infection. Recent immunological and molecular analyses describe the unambiguous identification of malarial infections in several ancient Egyptian mummies and a few isolated cases in Roman and Renaissance Europe. Although the numbers of cases are low, there is evidence that the overall infection rates may have been relatively high and that this infectious disease may have had a significant impact on historical populations.
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Paleomicrobiology of Leprosy
- Authors: Mark Spigelman, Mauro Rubini
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Citation: Spigelman M, Rubini M. 2016. Paleomicrobiology of leprosy. 4(4): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015
- DOI 10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015
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Abstract:
The use of paleomicrobiological techniques in leprosy has the potential to assist paleopathologists in many important aspects of their studies on the bones of victims, solving at times diagnostic problems. With Mycobacterium leprae, because of the unique nature of the organism, these techniques can help solve problems of differential diagnosis. In cases of co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, they can also suggest a cause of death and possibly even trace the migratory patterns of people in antiquity, as well as explain changes in the rates and level of infection within populations in antiquity.
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Cholera
- Authors: Donatella Lippi, Eduardo Gotuzzo, Saverio Caini
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Citation: Lippi D, Gotuzzo E, Caini S. 2016. Cholera. 4(4): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0012-2015
- DOI 10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0012-2015
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Abstract:
Cholera is an acute disease of the gastrointestinal tract caused by Vibrio cholerae. Cholera was localized in Asia until 1817, when a first pandemic spread from India to several other regions of the world. After this appearance, six additional major pandemics occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries, the latest of which originated in Indonesia in the 1960s and is still ongoing. In 1854, a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, was investigated by the English physician John Snow (1813 to 1858). He described the time course of the outbreak, managed to understand its routes of transmission, and suggested effective measures to stop its spread, giving rise to modern infectious disease epidemiology. The germ responsible for cholera was discovered twice: first by the Italian physician Filippo Pacini during an outbreak in Florence, Italy, in 1854, and then independently by Robert Koch in India in 1883, thus favoring the germ theory over the miasma theory of disease. Unlike many other infectious diseases, such as plague, smallpox, and poliomyelitis, cholera persists as a huge public health problem worldwide, even though there are effective methods for its prevention and treatment. The main reasons for its persistence are socioeconomic rather than purely biological; cholera flourishes where there are unsatisfactory hygienic conditions and where a breakdown of already fragile sanitation and health infrastructure occurs because of natural disasters or humanitarian crises.
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Microbiological Anomalies?
- Author: Bernard Dixon
- Publication Date : August 2016
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Author: Bernard DixonAbstract:
If a Martin or Venusian were to visit Earth, then he, she, or it might be puzzled by several aspects of our relationship with microorganisms. Not being familiar with viruses, bacteria, or microfungi back home, but being ferociously intelligent, he, she, or it might, for example, wonder why, decades after the discovery that touch was at least as important as the aerial route in the dissemination of respiratory pathogens, health education remains almost entirely based on coughing and sneezing. The alien might also be perplexed that a global information network, the World Wide Web, purveys accurate, credible advice about infections such as candidiasis and Lyme disease alongside—and with the same prominence as—nonsense.
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Host-Targeted TB Therapies of Limited Efficacy So Far
- Author: Shannon Weiman
- Publication Date : August 2016
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Author: Shannon WeimanAbstract:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is notoriously difficult to eradicate even with combinations of antibiotics, leading researchers to pursue alternate strategies, including one aimed at bolstering host defenses against this pathogen. “Our inability to effectively treat all infected individuals necessitates a deeper understanding of the host-pathogen interface to facilitate new approaches,” says Amy Barczak of the Ragon Institute and Massachusestts General Hospital in Boston, Mass. She was one of several experts who participated in the symposium “Aiming at Non-Conventional Approaches to TB Therapies,” held at the 2016 ASM Microbe Conference in Boston last June.
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Minitopics:Microbiology Policy Bulletin Board
- Publication Date : August 2016
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Recent developments involving microbiology and related science policy matters include:
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Following the G7 Summit Conference earlier this year, World Bank officials said they were helping to launch a Pandemic Emergency Financing facility, which will “create a new market for pandemic risk insurance, and ensure that resources get to the right place at the right time to the sites of outbreaks,” said World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim last May.
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Although new cases are decreasing, a yellow fever outbreak in Angola is “not yet under control” and is “challenging the ongoing mass vaccination campaign,” said World Health Organization (WHO) officials last June, and it threatens to spread to China. Separate, smaller yellow fever outbreaks are ongoing in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, they said.
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U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) officials in June approved Vaxchora, a vaccine for preventing cholera caused by serogroup O1 in adults 18 through 64 years. Vaxchora, which is being produced by PaxVax Bermuda Ltd., in Hamilton, Bermuda, is based on a live, weakened strain of Vibrio cholerae.
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FDA in May finalized a new food safety rule under the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act that requires companies in the United States and abroad to take steps to prevent intentional adulteration of the food supply.
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In June, FDA approved use of the Procleix Zika virus blood screening assay on the Procleix Panther system under the agency's investigational new drug protocol. The test was developed by Hologic of Marlborough, Mass., and Grifols of Emeryville, Calif. Earlier, the agency authorized the emergency use of the Altona Diagnostics RealStar® Zika Virus RT-PCR Kit U.S. for detecting RNA from Zika virus in serum or urine and, separately, the Zika Virus RNA Qualitative RT-PCR test from Focus Diagnostics, Inc., of Cypress, Calif.
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Gene-drive modified organisms “are not ready to be released into the environment and require more research in laboratories and highly controlled field trials,” according to a report released last June from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in Washington, D.C. Details are available at http://national-academies.org.
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Reviews and Resources:Metabolism and Bacterial Pathogenesis
- Author: Guido Mora
- Publication Date : May 2016
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Author: Guido MoraAbstract:
I recently had the pleasure of reading this wonderful book. Metabolism and Bacterial Pathogenesis came at the right time, because I work on a human-exclusive pathogen for which some strains collected from patients are auxotrophic, making me wonder: how is it that a pathogen that is very effective at surviving in humans requires one of the very amino acids that is limiting in humans? Every chapter in this book, directly or indirectly, suggested to me that the answer I am looking for it may be very near, and what I have to do is to dig through some of the numerous references listed. These references are so limited that it made me recall the frequent editorial restrictions on references—clearly, the contributors were encouraged to freely discuss the details in depth. The contributors also suggest provocative and challenging new concepts, e.g. “pathometabolism.” This term encompasses the complex metabolic interactions between host and bacterial pathogen, concepts that could lead to novel antimicrobial therapeutics.
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The Early Challenges of Antibiotic Discovery
- Authors: Douglas Eveleigh, Max Häggblom, and Jeffrey Boyd
- Publication Date : November 2015
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Authors: Douglas Eveleigh, Max Häggblom, and Jeffrey BoydAbstract:
Professor Kim Lewis' excellent review of the status of antibiotic research (“Challenges of Antibiotic Discovery,” Microbe, September 2015, p. 363–369) unfortunately includes a common microbiological misconception that should be addressed. He comments that Selman Waksman “introduced a simple screen which essentially replicates the accidental discovery of Fleming—a Streptomyces spot-inoculated on a plate with a lawn of the test pathogen, and a zone of growth inhibition indicates the presence of an antibiotic.” However, the variety of complex twists and turns of screening for antibiotics are illustrated by the theses of the following students of Waksman's and not readily apparent from the published papers: H. Boyd Woodruff (actinomycin)(H. B. Woodruff, The production of antibiotic substances by soil microorganisms. Ph.D. Thesis, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, N.J., 1942), Elizabeth Horning (clavacin and fumigacin)(E. S. Horning, Distribution and properties of antagonistic fungi and actinomycetes in nature. Ph.D. Thesis, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, N.J., 1942), Doris Jones (antiviral screen)(D. Jones, The effect of micro-organisms and antibiotic substances upon viruses. M.S. Thesis, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, N.J., 1945), Elizabeth Bugie (antibiotic production)(E. J. Bugie, Production of antibiotic substances by Aspergillus flavus and Chaetomium cochliodes, M.S. Thesis, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, N.J., 1944), and Albert Schatz (streptomycin)(A. Schatz, Streptomycin, an antibiotic agent produced by Actinomyces griseus. Ph.D. Thesis, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, N.J., 1945). In 1952 the Nobel Committee awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Selman Waksman for his “ingenious systematic and successful studies of soil microbes that led to the discovery of streptomycin.” Likewise, this year the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was in part awarded to Satoshi mura for the discovery of Avermectin, and the Nobel Assembly cited Dr. mura's “extraordinary skills in developing unique methods” for the isolation of Streptomyces species. Screening methodology merits focus.
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Nus Factors of Escherichia coli
- Authors: Ranjan Sen, Jisha Chalissery, M. Zuhaib Qayyum, V. Vishalini, and Ghazala Muteeb
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Citation: Sen R, Chalissery J, Qayyum M, Vishalini V, Muteeb G. 2014. Nus Factors of Escherichia coli, EcoSal Plus 2014; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0008-2013
- DOI 10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0008-2013
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Abstract:
The highly conserved Nus factors of bacteria were discovered as essential host proteins for the growth of temperate phage λ in Escherichia coli. Later, their essentiality and functions in transcription, translation, and, more recently, in DNA repair have been elucidated. Close involvement of these factors in various gene networks and circuits is also emerging from recent genomic studies. We have described a detailed overview of their biochemistry, structures, and various cellular functions, as well as their interactions with other macromolecules. Towards the end, we have envisaged different uncharted areas of studies with these factors, including their participation in pathogenicity.
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Escherich and Escherichia
- Author: Herbert C. Friedmann
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Citation: Friedmann H. 2014. Escherich and Escherichia, EcoSal Plus 2014; doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013
- DOI 10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0025-2013
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The purpose of this essay is threefold: to give an outline of the life and the various achievements of Theodor Escherich, to provide a background to his discovery of what he called Bacterium coli commune (now Escherichia coli), and to indicate the enormous impact of studies with this organism, long before it became the cornerstone of research in bacteriology and in molecular biology.
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Bacterial Monologue: An Engaging Writing Activity for Nonscience Majors
- Author: Pengfei Song
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Citation: Song P. 2014. Bacterial monologue: an engaging writing activity for nonscience majors. 15(1):55-58 doi:10.1128/jmbe.v15i1.682
- DOI 10.1128/jmbe.v15i1.682
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Abstract:
The anthropocentric focus of microbiology has painted a negative image of the largely unknown bacterial community, when in reality bacteria play many more significant roles than influencing human health. It is important to convey this message to college students so that they can make informed decisions as an educated citizen. Non-major students taking a microbiology course however, may demonstrate poor interest and become further alienated by the abstract terminologies. Recent studies suggest that story writing may enhance scientific literacy, and role-play activities are effective means to engage students. Here, I combine these two strategies and introduce a writing activity in which students impersonate an assigned bacterium. Through this writing exercise, students demonstrated deeper understanding of key concepts in microbiology, greater appreciation of the broad roles of bacteria, and improved attitude towards science and science learning.
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Index
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Source: One Health
Publication Date :
January 2014
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No descriptions available.
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The Mycobacterial Infections: Buruli Ulcer and Leprosy
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Source: Forgotten People Forgotten Diseases , pp 97-114
Publication Date :
January 2013
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Abstract:
Mycobacteria are slim bacteria with unusual growth requirements and unique structural and biochemical properties that place them in their own category of microorganisms. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the best-known mycobacterial infection of humans. Buruli ulcer and leprosy are two highly disfiguring and stigmatizing neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that occur almost exclusively among the impoverished living in developing countries. Buruli ulcer is a highly disfiguring skin infection caused by M. ulcerans. Buruli typically strikes school-age children and manifests as a large ulcer usually appearing on the limbs. The ulcer of Buruli disease has a number of catastrophic consequences for the patient, including a profound socioeconomic impact and the widespread belief that witchcraft and curses play an important role in transmitting the disease. The most effective treatment of large ulcers requires access not only to antibiotics but also to different surgical modalities, including skin grafting. Leprosy (also known as Hansen’s disease) is caused by M. leprae. Leprosy proceeds along either one of two clinical courses. The majority of patients develop the so-called tuberculoid form. Such patients have the ability to mount strong immunological responses against M. leprae and, as a result, develop only localized disease. Far more severe is the lepromatous form of leprosy. These patients experience widely disseminated disease in the skin and nerves and even the eyes, nose, mouth, and bones. The most widely used multidrug therapy (MDT) drug regimen calls for dapsone to be administered together with the antibacterial drugs rifampin and clofazimine.
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Coevolution of Helicobacter pylori and Humans
- Author: Martin J. Blaser
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Source: Microbes and Evolution , pp 197-202
Publication Date :
January 2012
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By the early 1990s, it was becoming clear that carriage of H. pylori increased risk for peptic ulcer disease and for gastric cancer, where both are consequences of the Helicobacter pylori induced gastric inflammation, although in separate ways. In recent years, using more sophisticated analytical techniques, there has come greater support for the notion that H. pylori has colonized humans since before the out-of-Africa migrations of about 58,000 years ago, and that as humans migrated to all parts of the world, they brought their H. pylori strains with them. It has been hypothesized that for H. pylori and humans, there are actually a series of equilibria, nested in one another, that create the governing boundaries at each level. Postulated benefits for humans for early-life carriage of H. pylori include resistance to colonization by exogenous pathogens (through manipulation of gastric pH and gastric immunity, as well as direct competition), as well as close regulation of metabolism, through gastric leptin (5 to 10% of body total) and ghrelin (60 to 80% of body total). In summary, H. pylori has evolved over a long period of time as a highly interactive member of the human gastrointestinal microbiota. There is extensive evidence that H. pylori coevolved with its human hosts, enabling its nearly universal gastric persistence. The interaction had little or no cost (and possible some benefit) to its early-in-life hosts, but also conferred certain late-in-life disease costs, including gastric cancer.
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Journal Watch
- Author: Jennifer A. Herzog
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Citation: Herzog J. 2011. Journal watch. 12(2):208-208 doi:10.1128/jmbe.v12i2.328
- DOI 10.1128/jmbe.v12i2.328
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Abstract:
The Journal Watch section highlights published journal articles which discuss recent developments and new technology used in microbiology and related fields.
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DNA Probes for Culture Confirmation and Direct Detection of Bacterial and Fungal Infections: a Review of Current Technologies and Assays
- Authors: Julie Kingery, Karen C. Carroll
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Source: Molecular Microbiology , pp 21-30
Publication Date :
January 2011
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Abstract:
This chapter focuses on nonamplified nucleic acid probes and their current uses in the clinical laboratory. DNA probes are pieces of nucleic acid that are labeled in some way and are designed to seek out and bind to stretches of DNA or RNA that have sequences that are complementary to the probe. In hybridization reactions, a double-stranded DNA molecule is denatured to single strands. Several formats for the hybridization reactions exist: solid phase; in solution (liquid phase); in situ; or by use of a Southern hybridization procedure after gel electrophoresis. In sandwich hybridization assays, one probe is attached to a solid support such as a nitrocellulose filter in single-stranded form and ‘‘captures’’ homologous nucleic acids in liquid samples; a second probe, which recognizes a contiguous area of the nucleic acid, carries the reporter molecule such as a radioisotope or biotin. The target and probe nucleic acids are free to move in solution, maximizing chances that complementary sequences will bind. Southern hybridization involves using purified DNA that is cleaved with restriction endonucleases. There are numerous methods for detecting the binding of probe to target nucleic acid. Commercially available DNA probes used for culture confirmation of bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi are discussed in the chapter. Of the assays discussed in the chapter, probes for the detection of mycobacteria have had the greatest clinical impact. The chapter describes the utility of nonamplified probes for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases, vaginal infections, and streptococcal pharyngitis.
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Identification of Bacteria by DNA Target Sequencing in a Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
- Authors: Rosemary C. She, Keith E. Simmon, Cathy A. Petti
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Source: Molecular Microbiology , pp 479-489
Publication Date :
January 2011
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Abstract:
Nucleic acid sequencing of various bacterial genes and other DNA targets has been used for determining the phylogeny of bacteria and for their identification. A brief overview of nucleic acid sequencing is shown in this chapter. DNA targets have conserved regions flanking variable regions that can be used to differentiate closely related bacterial species. The routine use of sequencing can greatly enhance the ability of the clinical microbiology laboratory to identify bacteria on many levels. Of consideration in the routine use of DNA target sequencing is the need for technical expertise and its cost. The chapter addresses preparation of DNA from pure culture. Certain conventional methods such as latex agglutination assays are quicker, simpler, and less expensive than DNA target sequencing for the identification of beta-hemolytic streptococci. Basic conventional methods perform well in identifying common isolates, such as Bacteroides fragilis group, Peptostreptococcus spp., and most Clostridium spp. DNA target sequencing can provide more accurate identifications, especially since databases from conventional methods often are not current and do not reflect the tremendous genetic diversity within anaerobic taxa. For agents of bioterrorism, i.e., Bacillus anthracis, Brucella spp., Clostridium botulinum, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis, 16S rRNA sequencing has varying utility. Molecular studies have enhanced our knowledge about the taxonomical diversity among bacteria and allowed better definition of the epidemiology of bacterial infections.
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Contents
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Source: Molecular Microbiology
Publication Date :
January 2011
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No descriptions available.
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