Human respiratory syncytial virus
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14 results
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Minitopics:Microbiology Policy Bulletin Board
- Publication Date : September 2016
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Recent developments involving microbiology and related science policy matters as well as drug, vaccine, and diagnostic product approvals include:
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U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) officials in June approved Xpert Carba-R Assay, an infection control aid that tests patient specimens to detect specific genetic markers associated with bacteria that are resistant to carbapenem antibiotics. The new diagnostic assay, which detects many but not all types of carbapenemase genes, is manufactured by Cepheid of Sunnyvale, Calif.
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FDA officials in June approved Epclusa, a fixed-dose combination tablet containing sofosbuvir, an antiviral drug approved in 2013, and velpatasvir, a new drug, for treating patients infected chronically with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). This first combination product for treating all six major forms of HCV is produced by Gilead Sciences, Inc., of Foster City, Calif.
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Members of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) in June recommended to officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Ga., that the live attenuated influenza vaccine, known commercially as FluMist, not be used during the 2016–2017 flu season. ACIP cited the vaccine's “relatively lower effectiveness” during the past several years as the main reason behind its recommendation. The FluMist Quadrivalent vaccine is produced by MedImmune, a subsidiary of AstraZeneca.
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A new business model is needed for developing antibiotics, one that does not depend on high revenues from selling large amounts of product, according to Kevin Outterson from Boston University School of Law in Boston, Mass., and his collaborators. Details appeared 14 June 2016 in PLoS Medicine (doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002043).
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Commercially available field tests for the rabies virus, specifically those based on lateral flow devices, have “serious problems,” say Conrad Freuling from the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute in Greifswald, Germany, and his collaborators. Although highly specific, these tests have low sensitivity and tend to yield false-negative results, the researchers note. Details appeared June 23, 2016 in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004776).
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Appendix: Chapter Timelines
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Source: To Catch a Virus
Publication Date :
January 2013
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No descriptions available.
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A Torrent of Viral Isolates: the Early Years of Diagnostic Virology
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Source: To Catch a Virus , pp 157-196
Publication Date :
January 2013
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Abstract:
Neonatal and infant mice, easily maintained in the laboratory, were found to be susceptible to certain viruses such as arboviruses and coxsackieviruses. Tissue culture systems were utilized to study a torrent of human viral isolates and their relationships to human disease. Public health virology laboratories served to introduce and refine techniques in diagnostic virology that would become essential to hospital laboratories charged with the care of individual patients at the time of their illness. Hsiung contributed to the advancement of diagnostic virology with numerous publications concerning the functions of the diagnostic lab and individual reports on viral isolates. She developed several animal models of human diseases, including transplacental transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the guinea pig as a model of congenital human CMV infection. Despite the number of enteric viral isolates in tissue culture, the isolation of the most significant viral causes of gastroenteritis would await further technological advances such as immunoelectron microscopy. While attention was focused on disease associations of viruses and clinical textbooks were organized by viral diseases of organ systems, the increasing amount of information about the biological and physical characteristics of viral isolates spurred taxonomic formulations. The next era following the explosion of viral isolations in tissue culture would make use of immunological, chemical, and electron microscopic techniques.
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus
- Authors: Yi-Wei Tang, James E. Crowe
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Source: Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition , pp 1357-1371
Publication Date :
January 2011
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Abstract:
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most vulnerable pathogens to environmental changes. RSV is the major cause of lower respiratory tract illnesses such as bronchiolitis, tracheobronchitis, and pneumonia among infants and young children worldwide. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family and is part of the Pneumovirinae subfamily along with RSV. A study of the association of the virus with respiratory disease was performed using prospectively collected data in a cohort of more than 2,000 subjects. This study showed that hMPV is associated with the common cold and with lower respiratory tract illnesses such as bronchiolitis, pneumonia, croup, and exacerbation of reactive airways disease. The signs and symptoms caused by hMPV are very similar to those caused by RSV. Reports in the literature suggest that the virus can be recovered or detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from nasal aspirates, nasal washes, nasal or throat swabs, and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. The most sensitive test for identification of hMPV in clinical samples to date is RT-PCR. The diagnosis of hMPV infection is most likely when a positive nucleic acid test for hMPV infection is obtained when testing a respiratory secretion during late winter or early spring in temperate climates from a patient with acute respiratory illness and negative tests for other respiratory viruses.
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CONTENTS
- Publication Date : January 2011
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No descriptions available.
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Molecular Detection of Respiratory Viruses
- Authors: Richard S. Buller, Max Q. Arens
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Source: Molecular Microbiology , pp 604-630
Publication Date :
January 2011
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Abstract:
This chapter deals with current assays that are commercially available or noncommercial assays that have been well characterized in peer-reviewed literature. Methods for the molecular detection of respiratory viruses have, depending on the capabilities and resources available to the laboratory, a variety of potential clinical applications. Molecular amplification assays for the detection of rhinovirus RNA in clinical specimens often target the 5’ NCR, which contains sequences conserved across the 100 rhinovirus serotypes. In addition to advances in technology, another important step for the future will be the performance of clinical trials to prove the clinical usefulness of respiratory virus panel (RVP) results. Laboratorians and physicians will have to come to terms with co- and multiple infections. Molecular detection of respiratory viruses is currently a rapidly changing field and will likely continue to be for the near future. The good news is that more information about the many and varied causes of respiratory illness are currently acquired and that this information will be an important part of the puzzle in advancing human health.
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Interferons and Antiviral Action
- Authors: Christine L. White, Ganes C. Sen
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Source: Cellular Signaling and Innate Immune Responses to RNA Virus Infections , pp 91-106
Publication Date :
January 2009
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Abstract:
Viruses and their hosts have evolved to coexist by maintaining viral homeostasis. At the organism level, the immune system of the host plays a major role in clearing the infection or driving the viruses to enter a latent phase. In addition to the direct action of the cells of the immune system, various cytokines, most importantly the interferons (IFNs) system, produced by them are critically important in this process. The majority of the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that are induced by IFN, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and viruses contain IFN-stimulated response elements (ISREs) in their promoters. The usual mechanism calls for inhibition of several steps of viral gene expression through the actions of several ISG products. ISG-encoded proteins have been chosen because of the diversity of their functions and their perceived importance in mediating antiviral actions. Protein kinase RNA regulated (PKR) was one of the earliest antiviral ISGs identified and is one of the most thoroughly investigated to date. PKR has been implicated in regulation of apoptosis both in the presence and absence of viral infection. The importance of PKR in mediating antiviral actions of IFN is manifested by the variety of strategies used by different viruses to evade PKR’s activation or action. The common structural features of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) family proteins include a dsRNA-binding domain and a conserved cytidine deaminase domain at the carboxyl terminus that contains highly conserved residues thought to be involved in catalysis.
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Inhibition of Antiviral Signaling Pathways by Paramyxovirus Proteins
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Source: Cellular Signaling and Innate Immune Responses to RNA Virus Infections , pp 247-265
Publication Date :
January 2009
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Abstract:
The Paramyxoviridae family includes enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded (ss) RNA viruses, that are major and ubiquitous disease-causing pathogens of humans and animals. Among them are important viruses that cause acute respiratory morbidity, particularly in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised subjects of any age. The family is taxonomically divided into two subfamilies: the Paramyxovirinae, with five genera; and the Pneumovirinae, which includes two genera. The classification of the viruses is based on their genome organization, morphological and biological characteristics, and sequence relationship of the encoded proteins. To date, the paramyxovirus P gene-encoded proteins, the nonstructural (NS) (NS1 and NS2) proteins of pneumoviruses, and the envelope glycoproteins G and small hydrophobic (SH) protein have been shown to play a major role in antagonizing type I interferon (IFN) signaling and other host innate immune responses. A discussion of the inhibitory function for each of these proteins is presented in this chapter. A small hydrophobic (SH) protein (64 amino acids) is an integral membrane protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) expresses an SH protein that is nearly three times longer than the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) SH and does not affect viral replication. During the early phase of RSV infection (12 to 24 h), the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)/mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) complex is important in canonical pathway activation.
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Introduction
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Source: Clinical Virology, Third Edition , pp 1-4
Publication Date :
January 2009
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Abstract:
This is an introductory chapter of the book Clinical Virology. The authors hope to convey the fascinating breadth and importance of the subject of clinical virology in this edition. This edition presents updated and improved information than the previous edition. Clinical virology is the domain of molecular biologists, geneticists, pharmacologists, micro-biologists, vaccinologists, immunologists, practitioners of public health, epidemiologists, and clinicians, both pediatric and adult. It encompasses events that include accounts ranging from epidemics impacting history and Jennerian vaccination to the identification of new agents and mechanisms of disease. In order to provide a comprehensive yet concise treatment of the diverse agents and diseases associated with human viral infections, this book is organized into two major sections. This chapter provides a table that lists the viruses known to infect humans. Many of the agents are primarily animal viruses that incidentally infect humans, such as herpesvirus B, rabies virus, the Arenoviridae, the Filoviridae, the Bunyaviridae, and many arthropod-borne viruses.
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Emerging Tools for Microbial Diagnosis, Surveillance, and Discovery
- Authors: W. Ian Lipkin, Gustavo Palacios, Thomas Briese
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Source: Emerging Infections 8 , pp 413-435
Publication Date :
January 2008
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Abstract:
This chapter provides a review of methods and perspectives for pathogen surveillance and discovery, and discusses the challenges in proving a causal relationship between the presence of a candidate organism and disease. To illustrate the complexity of pursuing pathogen discovery research, examples from the authors' own work that are intended to provide insights into the process that leads to the selection of particular strategies have been included. Although this chapter focuses on molecular methods for pathogen surveillance and discovery, the importance of clinicians, for both humans and animals, as well as experimentalists with expertise in pathology, serology, and culture techniques is emphasized. Mass spectrometry is an intriguing approach to pathogen discovery; however, potential problems include mutations in flora that alter spectra without clinical correlation, the requirement for establishment of large libraries of spectra representing flora of thousands of organisms propagated in vitro and isolated in vivo, and the difficulties associated with extending this technology to viruses, where disease may occur without robust protein expression and pathogenicity may be correlated with single base substitutions. Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is a syndrome wherein honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies inexplicably lose the majority of their adult workers. The observation that CCD is transmissible through reuse of equipment from affected colonies, and that such transmission can be broken by irradiation of the equipment before use, is consistent with a role for an infectious agent in the pathogenesis of CCD.
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Cultivation and Assay of Animal Viruses
- Author: Pierre Payment
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Source: Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Third Edition , pp 93-100
Publication Date :
January 2007
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During the last 50 years, virologists have been able to select cell cultures that are susceptible to many commonly encountered viruses and environmental virologists have developed methods to detect very low numbers of viruses in various environments. This chapter reviews these methods and their practical use and describes basic quality control procedures to maximize their level of sensitivity. The main objective of the cultivation and assay of viruses is to optimize detection methods to a level where even a single infectious unit can be detected with confidence. Several methods for detection of viruses in environmental samples have been described: visualization of the virus by microscopy, detection of viral antigens, detection of viral nucleic acids, and detection of viral infectivity. The detection of infective viruses in environmental samples still relies mainly on cell culture as the method of choice. There are several sources for cell cultures that can be used in virology. Plaque assay is used for a very limited number of viruses and has the lowest sensitivity of the available methods. The main advantages of plaque assay are that each individual virus (or aggregate) forms a single plaque and that each plaque is rarely a mixture of several virus types. Viruses isolated by cell culture can be propagated further in cell culture and identified by a variety of methods, including electron microscopy, serum neutralization, molecular methods, and immunoassays.
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Respiratory Viruses and Bacteria in Cattle
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Source: Polymicrobial Diseases , pp 213-230
Publication Date :
January 2002
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Abstract:
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the principal source of economic loss for the North American beef industry and a significant health problem in the dairy industry as well. The pathogenesis typically involves some combination of predisposing stress which compromises respiratory defense mechanisms and coincidental primary infection with one or more respiratory viruses. Viral infection and the host’s response to it further compromise defense and facilitate colonization of deeper pulmonary tissues by bacteria normally carried in the nasopharynx, especially members of the family Pasteurellaceae. The viruses most frequently associated with BRD include infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, a type 1 bovine herpesvirus (BHV1), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Other viruses which may be involved and could be underestimated are bovine adenovirus and bovine coronavirus (BCV). Secondary bacterial pneumonia is typically attributed to members of the family Pasteurellaceae, including Mannheimia haemolytica (formerly Pasteurella haemolytica), Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus somnus. Other bacteria that have been isolated with some frequency are mycoplasmas, especially Ureaplasma diversum, Mycoplasma dispar, Mycoplasma bovis, and Mycoplasma bovirhinis. Chlamydia spp. have been recovered from pneumonic lungs of cattle with BRD, coincidentally with Pasteurellaceae and mycoplasmas. In conclusion, there is ample evidence to support the synergistic effect of combined viral and bacterial infections in BRD.
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Xenotransplantation
- Author: Laurie G. O'Rourke
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Source: Emerging Diseases of Animals , pp 59-84
Publication Date :
January 2000
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Abstract:
This chapter reviews the microbiological risks of xenotransplantation as they currently exist, with the caveat that the technical tools of molecular biology are rapidly adding to our knowledge in leaps and bounds. The ethical issue for xenotransplantation from the microbiological aspect is the risk of introducing an unknown infectious agent into a naive human population versus the individual benefit of a life-giving organ transplantation and improved quality of life. There is a large database of information on pigs, from basic anatomy and physiology to specifics of their biochemistry and genome. Production of pigs in barrier facilities operated under very high standards of animal husbandry can consistently yield qualified-pathogen-free animals. The gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) behaves as an exogenous retrovirus, but DNA evidence points to the endogenous retrovirus of Mus caroli as the origin. Certainly, the expanding interest in pigs as organ donors has placed the subject of endogenous retroviruses, in particular the porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), front and center in the microbiological risk analysis of xenotransplantation. PERV mRNA has been identified at variable levels in all tissues examined, indicating that viral expression is not restricted. Transmission electron microscopy of tissues was negative, although virus-like particles (VLP) were detected in serum. Although the VLP did not bind antibodies against recombinant gag or whole virus, product-enhanced reverse transcriptase analysis produced positive results.
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Flying Foxes, Horses, and Humans: a Zoonosis Caused by a New Member of the Paramyxoviridae
- Authors: Keith Murray, Bryan Eaton, Peter Hooper, Linfa Wang, Mark Williamson, Peter Young
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Source: Emerging Infections 1 , pp 43-58
Publication Date :
January 1998
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This chapter describes the outbreaks of disease caused by Megamyxovirus zoonotic agent; provides an updated description of the virus, its genome, and its wildlife reservoir; and documents what is known of the pathology and pathogenesis of equine morbillivirus (EMV) infection. A severe outbreak of respiratory disease occurred in the second half of September 1994 in horses stabled in the Brisbane suburb of Hendra. The outcome of the outbreak was that 13 horses died. The trainer died after hospitalization with severe respiratory involvement, while the stable hand recovered after a protracted illness. Although horses had been moved off the property during this period, infection had not spread to distant sites and extensive surveillance showed that the virus was not active in horses or humans. In fluorescent-antibody tests, sera from naturally infected horses and humans reacted strongly with the fruit bat virus. Identical viruses were isolated from a range of tissues from horses infected during the initial outbreak and from a kidney of the deceased trainer. Morphologically the virus is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae. The pathology of field and experimental EMV infections in horses and experimental infections in cats has been described. It is sufficiently different from known members of the Paramyxoviridae to be considered a member of a new genus which bridges the two existing genera Paramyxovirus and Morbillivirus. The author proposes that consideration should be given to creating a new genus within the family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Paramyxovirinae, to be called Megamyxovirus, with the type species being EMV.