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Transposon

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  • Author: Kosuke Yusa1
  • Editors: Mick Chandler2, Nancy Craig3
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK; 2: Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; 3: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
    • Source: microbiolspec March 2015 vol. 3 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014
  • Received 15 May 2014 Accepted 14 August 2014 Published 05 March 2015
  • Kosuke Yusa, [email protected]
image of <span class="jp-italic">piggyBac</span> Transposon
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  • Abstract:

    The transposon was originally isolated from the cabbage looper moth, , in the 1980s. Despite its early discovery and dissimilarity to the other DNA transposon families, the transposon was not recognized as a member of a large transposon superfamily for a long time. Initially, the transposon was thought to be a rare transposon. This view, however, has now been completely revised as a number of fully sequenced genomes have revealed the presence of -like repetitive elements. The isolation of active copies of the -like elements from several distinct species further supported this revision. This includes the first isolation of an active mammalian DNA transposon identified in the bat genome. To date, the transposon has been deeply characterized and it represents a number of unique characteristics. In general, all members of the superfamily use TTAA as their integration target sites. In addition, the transposon shows precise excision, i.e., restoring the sequence to its preintegration state, and can transpose in a variety of organisms such as yeasts, malaria parasites, insects, mammals, and even in plants. Biochemical analysis of the chemical steps of transposition revealed that does not require DNA synthesis during the actual transposition event. The broad host range has attracted researchers from many different fields, and the transposon is currently the most widely used transposon system for genetic manipulations.

  • Citation: Yusa K. 2015. Transposon. Microbiol Spectrum 3(2):MDNA3-0028-2014. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014.

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/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014
2015-03-05
2019-04-18

Abstract:

The transposon was originally isolated from the cabbage looper moth, , in the 1980s. Despite its early discovery and dissimilarity to the other DNA transposon families, the transposon was not recognized as a member of a large transposon superfamily for a long time. Initially, the transposon was thought to be a rare transposon. This view, however, has now been completely revised as a number of fully sequenced genomes have revealed the presence of -like repetitive elements. The isolation of active copies of the -like elements from several distinct species further supported this revision. This includes the first isolation of an active mammalian DNA transposon identified in the bat genome. To date, the transposon has been deeply characterized and it represents a number of unique characteristics. In general, all members of the superfamily use TTAA as their integration target sites. In addition, the transposon shows precise excision, i.e., restoring the sequence to its preintegration state, and can transpose in a variety of organisms such as yeasts, malaria parasites, insects, mammals, and even in plants. Biochemical analysis of the chemical steps of transposition revealed that does not require DNA synthesis during the actual transposition event. The broad host range has attracted researchers from many different fields, and the transposon is currently the most widely used transposon system for genetic manipulations.

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Figures

Transposon
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Citation: Yusa K. 2015. transposon. microbiolspec 3(2): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014.fig1
FIGURE 1
Structure of the transposon (GenBank accession number J04364.2). TIR, terminal inverted repeat. The minimum TIR sequences are based on ref. ( 61 ).
microbiolspec/3/2/MDNA3-0028-2014-fig1_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/3/2/MDNA3-0028-2014-fig1.gif
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FIGURE 1

Structure of the transposon (GenBank accession number J04364.2). TIR, terminal inverted repeat. The minimum TIR sequences are based on ref. ( 61 ).

Source: microbiolspec March 2015 vol. 3 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014
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FIGURE 2
The chemical steps of transposition. Black and grey arrowheads indicate positions of nicks or sites where 3′ OH groups attack, respectively. Modified from ref. ( 43 ).
microbiolspec/3/2/MDNA3-0028-2014-fig2_thmb.gif
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FIGURE 2

The chemical steps of transposition. Black and grey arrowheads indicate positions of nicks or sites where 3′ OH groups attack, respectively. Modified from ref. ( 43 ).

Source: microbiolspec March 2015 vol. 3 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014
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FIGURE 3
Comparison of target site joining and repair in (left) and (right). Grey arrowheads indicate sites where 3′ OH groups attack. Modified from ref. ( 136 ).
microbiolspec/3/2/MDNA3-0028-2014-fig3_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/3/2/MDNA3-0028-2014-fig3.gif
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FIGURE 3

Comparison of target site joining and repair in (left) and (right). Grey arrowheads indicate sites where 3′ OH groups attack. Modified from ref. ( 136 ).

Source: microbiolspec March 2015 vol. 3 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014
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FIGURE 4
Transposon-mediated cancer gene discovery in mice. () Commonly used genetic elements. TIR, terminal inverted repeat; SA, splice acceptor site; pA, polyadenylation signal sequence; SD, splice donor site. () In gene activation, a strong constitutive promoter ectopically expresses or overexpresses a trapped gene. The transposon carries two splice acceptor sites in both directions; the trapped genes will be inactivated in spite of the transposon orientation relative to the gene.
microbiolspec/3/2/MDNA3-0028-2014-fig4_thmb.gif
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FIGURE 4

Transposon-mediated cancer gene discovery in mice. () Commonly used genetic elements. TIR, terminal inverted repeat; SA, splice acceptor site; pA, polyadenylation signal sequence; SD, splice donor site. () In gene activation, a strong constitutive promoter ectopically expresses or overexpresses a trapped gene. The transposon carries two splice acceptor sites in both directions; the trapped genes will be inactivated in spite of the transposon orientation relative to the gene.

Source: microbiolspec March 2015 vol. 3 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014
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Tables

Transposon
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014-1,webId=/content/author/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Kosuke, foaf_name=Kosuke Yusa, foaf_surname=Yusa, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014-aff1]]}]]
Citation: Yusa K. 2015. transposon. microbiolspec 3(2): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014.T1
TABLE 1
Studies in which transposition has been confirmed in insect species
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TABLE 1

Studies in which transposition has been confirmed in insect species

Source: microbiolspec March 2015 vol. 3 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014.T2
TABLE 2
Studies in which transposition has been confirmed in noninsect species
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TABLE 2

Studies in which transposition has been confirmed in noninsect species

Source: microbiolspec March 2015 vol. 3 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014.T3
TABLE 3
Studies using the transposon as an insertional mutagen
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TABLE 3

Studies using the transposon as an insertional mutagen

Source: microbiolspec March 2015 vol. 3 no. 2 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0028-2014

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