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Conjugation in Gram-Positive Bacteria

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  • Authors: Nikolaus Goessweiner-Mohr1, Karsten Arends2, Walter Keller3, Elisabeth Grohmann4
  • Editors: Marcelo E. Tolmasky6, Juan Carlos Alonso7
  • VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
    Affiliations: 1: Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; 2: Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany; 3: Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; 4: Faculty of Biology, Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; 5: Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; 6: California State University, Fullerton, CA; 7: Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
    • Source: microbiolspec August 2014 vol. 2 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0004-2013
  • Received 14 November 2013 Accepted 16 December 2013 Published 15 August 2014
  • Elisabeth Grohmann, [email protected]
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  • Abstract:

    Conjugative transfer is the most important means of spreading antibiotic resistance and virulence factors among bacteria. The key vehicles of this horizontal gene transfer are a group of mobile genetic elements, termed conjugative plasmids. Conjugative plasmids contain as minimum instrumentation an origin of transfer (), DNA-processing factors (a relaxase and accessory proteins), as well as proteins that constitute the -envelope transport channel, the so-called mating pair formation (Mpf) proteins. All these protein factors are encoded by one or more transfer ) operons that together form the DNA transport machinery, the Gram-positive type IV secretion system. However, multicellular Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the streptomycetes appear to have evolved another mechanism for conjugative plasmid spread reminiscent of the machinery involved in bacterial cell division and sporulation, which transports double-stranded DNA from donor to recipient cells. Here, we focus on the protein key players involved in the plasmid spread through the two different modes and present a new secondary structure homology-based classification system for type IV secretion protein families. Moreover, we discuss the relevance of conjugative plasmid transfer in the environment and summarize novel techniques to visualize and quantify conjugative transfer in situ.

  • Citation: Goessweiner-Mohr N, Arends K, Keller W, Grohmann E. 2014. Conjugation in Gram-Positive Bacteria. Microbiol Spectrum 2(4):PLAS-0004-2013. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0004-2013.

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/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0004-2013
2014-08-15
2018-12-12

Abstract:

Conjugative transfer is the most important means of spreading antibiotic resistance and virulence factors among bacteria. The key vehicles of this horizontal gene transfer are a group of mobile genetic elements, termed conjugative plasmids. Conjugative plasmids contain as minimum instrumentation an origin of transfer (), DNA-processing factors (a relaxase and accessory proteins), as well as proteins that constitute the -envelope transport channel, the so-called mating pair formation (Mpf) proteins. All these protein factors are encoded by one or more transfer ) operons that together form the DNA transport machinery, the Gram-positive type IV secretion system. However, multicellular Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the streptomycetes appear to have evolved another mechanism for conjugative plasmid spread reminiscent of the machinery involved in bacterial cell division and sporulation, which transports double-stranded DNA from donor to recipient cells. Here, we focus on the protein key players involved in the plasmid spread through the two different modes and present a new secondary structure homology-based classification system for type IV secretion protein families. Moreover, we discuss the relevance of conjugative plasmid transfer in the environment and summarize novel techniques to visualize and quantify conjugative transfer in situ.

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Conjugation in Gram-Positive Bacteria
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Citation: Goessweiner-Mohr N, Arends K, Keller W, Grohmann E. 2014. Conjugation in gram-positive bacteria. microbiolspec 2(4): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0004-2013
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0004-2013.fig1
FIGURE 1
Genetic organization of the pIP501 operon. Proteins with sequence similarities with the corresponding Ti-plasmid VirB/D4, pCF10, and pCW3 T4SS proteins are in blue; the potential two-protein-coupling protein (consisting of TraI and TraJ) is indicated with brackets; relations based on structure (TraM C-terminal domain, VirB8-like [ 54 ]) and domain prediction (TraL, VirB6-like) based similarities are in yellow; the gene encoding the putative relaxase is in green. The respective protein families are indicated. P, operon promoter. The genes of the pIP501 region are drawn to scale. Put., putative. .
microbiolspec/2/4/PLAS-0004-2013-fig1_thmb.gif
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FIGURE 1

Genetic organization of the pIP501 operon. Proteins with sequence similarities with the corresponding Ti-plasmid VirB/D4, pCF10, and pCW3 T4SS proteins are in blue; the potential two-protein-coupling protein (consisting of TraI and TraJ) is indicated with brackets; relations based on structure (TraM C-terminal domain, VirB8-like [ 54 ]) and domain prediction (TraL, VirB6-like) based similarities are in yellow; the gene encoding the putative relaxase is in green. The respective protein families are indicated. P, operon promoter. The genes of the pIP501 region are drawn to scale. Put., putative. .

Source: microbiolspec August 2014 vol. 2 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0004-2013
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FIGURE 2
Model of the pIP501 DNA transfer pathway. First, is bound by the relaxase TraA. After being nicked, the single-stranded plasmid is recruited to the putative transfer channel (modified from reference 17) via the putative two-protein coupling protein TraJ. Decreased shading of PG symbolizes TraG-mediated local opening of PG. The localization and orientation of the T4SS proteins is based on predictions and localization studies ( 52 , 54 ). The N terminus of the T4SS proteins is marked (N). Arrows indicate protein-protein interactions determined by yeast-two-hybrid studies and validated by pull-down assays ( 27 ), as well as interactions found by using the Thermofluor method (Goessweiner-Mohr et al., unpublished data). The thickness of the arrows marks the strength of the detected interactions. The putative function of key members of the pIP501 operon in the DNA secretion process is indicated. PG, peptidoglycan; CM, cytoplasmic membrane; CP, cytoplasm.
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FIGURE 2

Model of the pIP501 DNA transfer pathway. First, is bound by the relaxase TraA. After being nicked, the single-stranded plasmid is recruited to the putative transfer channel (modified from reference 17) via the putative two-protein coupling protein TraJ. Decreased shading of PG symbolizes TraG-mediated local opening of PG. The localization and orientation of the T4SS proteins is based on predictions and localization studies ( 52 , 54 ). The N terminus of the T4SS proteins is marked (N). Arrows indicate protein-protein interactions determined by yeast-two-hybrid studies and validated by pull-down assays ( 27 ), as well as interactions found by using the Thermofluor method (Goessweiner-Mohr et al., unpublished data). The thickness of the arrows marks the strength of the detected interactions. The putative function of key members of the pIP501 operon in the DNA secretion process is indicated. PG, peptidoglycan; CM, cytoplasmic membrane; CP, cytoplasm.

Source: microbiolspec August 2014 vol. 2 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0004-2013
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FIGURE 3
Comparison of the domain arrangement and classification of putative lytic transglycosylases from G+ and G– putative T4SSs. TraG (pIP501), TcpG (pCW3), VirB1 (Ti-plasmid), and PrgK (pCF10) were chosen as representatives of their respective classes. The potential SLT and CHAP(-like) domains were assigned according to secondary structure predictions with PSIPred ( 131 ). TMHs were annotated with HMMTOP ( 53 ). .
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FIGURE 3

Comparison of the domain arrangement and classification of putative lytic transglycosylases from G+ and G– putative T4SSs. TraG (pIP501), TcpG (pCW3), VirB1 (Ti-plasmid), and PrgK (pCF10) were chosen as representatives of their respective classes. The potential SLT and CHAP(-like) domains were assigned according to secondary structure predictions with PSIPred ( 131 ). TMHs were annotated with HMMTOP ( 53 ). .

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FIGURE 4a
Secondary structure-based classification of lytic transglycosylases. A, class α, B, class β, C, class γ, D, class δ lytic transglycosylases. Secondary structure (PSIpred) and TM motif (HMMTOP) prediction for G– and G+ lytic transglycosylases from conjugative plasmids, transposons, ICEs, and GIs; alpha helices (blue), beta strands (red), and TM motifs (boxes) are highlighted; the putative N-terminal ends of the SLT and CHAP(-like) domains are indicated. .
microbiolspec/2/4/PLAS-0004-2013-fig4a_thmb.gif
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FIGURE 4a

Secondary structure-based classification of lytic transglycosylases. A, class α, B, class β, C, class γ, D, class δ lytic transglycosylases. Secondary structure (PSIpred) and TM motif (HMMTOP) prediction for G– and G+ lytic transglycosylases from conjugative plasmids, transposons, ICEs, and GIs; alpha helices (blue), beta strands (red), and TM motifs (boxes) are highlighted; the putative N-terminal ends of the SLT and CHAP(-like) domains are indicated. .

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FIGURE 4b
Secondary structure-based classification of lytic transglycosylases. A, class α, B, class β, C, class γ, D, class δ lytic transglycosylases. Secondary structure (PSIpred) and TM motif (HMMTOP) prediction for G– and G+ lytic transglycosylases from conjugative plasmids, transposons, ICEs, and GIs; alpha helices (blue), beta strands (red), and TM motifs (boxes) are highlighted; the putative N-terminal ends of the SLT and CHAP(-like) domains are indicated. .
microbiolspec/2/4/PLAS-0004-2013-fig4b_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/2/4/PLAS-0004-2013-fig4b.gif
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FIGURE 4b

Secondary structure-based classification of lytic transglycosylases. A, class α, B, class β, C, class γ, D, class δ lytic transglycosylases. Secondary structure (PSIpred) and TM motif (HMMTOP) prediction for G– and G+ lytic transglycosylases from conjugative plasmids, transposons, ICEs, and GIs; alpha helices (blue), beta strands (red), and TM motifs (boxes) are highlighted; the putative N-terminal ends of the SLT and CHAP(-like) domains are indicated. .

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FIGURE 4c
Secondary structure-based classification of lytic transglycosylases. A, class α, B, class β, C, class γ, D, class δ lytic transglycosylases. Secondary structure (PSIpred) and TM motif (HMMTOP) prediction for G– and G+ lytic transglycosylases from conjugative plasmids, transposons, ICEs, and GIs; alpha helices (blue), beta strands (red), and TM motifs (boxes) are highlighted; the putative N-terminal ends of the SLT and CHAP(-like) domains are indicated. .
microbiolspec/2/4/PLAS-0004-2013-fig4c_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/2/4/PLAS-0004-2013-fig4c.gif
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FIGURE 4c

Secondary structure-based classification of lytic transglycosylases. A, class α, B, class β, C, class γ, D, class δ lytic transglycosylases. Secondary structure (PSIpred) and TM motif (HMMTOP) prediction for G– and G+ lytic transglycosylases from conjugative plasmids, transposons, ICEs, and GIs; alpha helices (blue), beta strands (red), and TM motifs (boxes) are highlighted; the putative N-terminal ends of the SLT and CHAP(-like) domains are indicated. .

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FIGURE 4d
Secondary structure-based classification of lytic transglycosylases. A, class α, B, class β, C, class γ, D, class δ lytic transglycosylases. Secondary structure (PSIpred) and TM motif (HMMTOP) prediction for G– and G+ lytic transglycosylases from conjugative plasmids, transposons, ICEs, and GIs; alpha helices (blue), beta strands (red), and TM motifs (boxes) are highlighted; the putative N-terminal ends of the SLT and CHAP(-like) domains are indicated. .
microbiolspec/2/4/PLAS-0004-2013-fig4d_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/2/4/PLAS-0004-2013-fig4d.gif
Image of FIGURE 4d

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FIGURE 4d

Secondary structure-based classification of lytic transglycosylases. A, class α, B, class β, C, class γ, D, class δ lytic transglycosylases. Secondary structure (PSIpred) and TM motif (HMMTOP) prediction for G– and G+ lytic transglycosylases from conjugative plasmids, transposons, ICEs, and GIs; alpha helices (blue), beta strands (red), and TM motifs (boxes) are highlighted; the putative N-terminal ends of the SLT and CHAP(-like) domains are indicated. .

Source: microbiolspec August 2014 vol. 2 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0004-2013
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FIGURE 5
Comparison of the domain arrangement and classification of VirB6-like proteins from G+ and G– putative T4SSs. TraL (pIP501), PrgH (pCF10), TcpH (pCW3), VirB6 (Ti-plasmid), TraD (pKM101), TraG (R1 plasmid), and TrbP (pBP136) were selected as representatives of their respective classes. Predicted TMHs (HMMTOP [ 53 ]) are represented as grey boxes.
microbiolspec/2/4/PLAS-0004-2013-fig5_thmb.gif
microbiolspec/2/4/PLAS-0004-2013-fig5.gif
Image of FIGURE 5

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FIGURE 5

Comparison of the domain arrangement and classification of VirB6-like proteins from G+ and G– putative T4SSs. TraL (pIP501), PrgH (pCF10), TcpH (pCW3), VirB6 (Ti-plasmid), TraD (pKM101), TraG (R1 plasmid), and TrbP (pBP136) were selected as representatives of their respective classes. Predicted TMHs (HMMTOP [ 53 ]) are represented as grey boxes.

Source: microbiolspec August 2014 vol. 2 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0004-2013
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Tables

Conjugation in Gram-Positive Bacteria
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Citation: Goessweiner-Mohr N, Arends K, Keller W, Grohmann E. 2014. Conjugation in gram-positive bacteria. microbiolspec 2(4): doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0004-2013
/content/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0004-2013.T1
TABLE 1
Classification of TraG-like and other lytic transglycosylases
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TABLE 1

Classification of TraG-like and other lytic transglycosylases

Source: microbiolspec August 2014 vol. 2 no. 4 doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0004-2013

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