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This chapter deals with aerobically growing, asporogenous, irregularly shaped, non-partially acid-fast, gram-positive rods generally called "coryneforms." The bacteria discussed in the chapter all belong to the class Actinobacteria, the genera of which are characterized by specific 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing data demonstrate that the genera Corynebacterium and Turicella are more closely related to the partially acid-fast bacteria and to the genus Mycobacterium than to the other coryneform organisms covered in the chapter. The chapter discusses descriptions of genera and species. Detection of antibodies directed against diphtheria toxin is the only established serologic test for coryneform bacteria. Toxin neutralization assays using a Vero cell culture system have been replaced mainly by enzyme immunoassays. The susceptibility patterns for each taxon were given with the descriptions of each taxon. Since the antimicrobial susceptibility of coryneform bacteria is not predictable in every case, susceptibility testing should always be performed with clinically significant isolates.

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