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Chapter 6 : Streptococci as Effector Organisms for Probiotic and Replacement Therapy

Authors: John R. Tagg1, Jeremy P. Burton2, Philip A. Wescombe3, Chris N. Chilcott4
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Affiliations: 1: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; 2: BLIS Technologies Ltd, Centre for Innovation, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; 3: BLIS Technologies Ltd, Centre for Innovation, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; 4: BLIS Technologies Ltd, Centre for Innovation, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2008

Category: Clinical Microbiology

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Abstract:

This chapter examines the involvement of members of the genus as probiotics or as candidates for replacement therapy. Some researchers have turned to the development of replacement therapy strategies using relatively harmless indigenous streptococci as oral and nasopharyngeal probiotics, since (it is reasoned) these should have greater colonization potential than lactobacilli and bifidobacteria for these target tissues. The emphasis of the chapter is largely on current knowledge of the contribution of dedicated interbacterial inhibitors, the bacteriocins and bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS), to the efficacy of streptococci as potential probiotics. It lists some of the practical factors such as safety, stability, formulation, colonization efficacy, and health benefits that may need to be taken into consideration when evaluating oral streptococcal probiotics. Acid resistance and adhesion to intestinal mucosa are desirable characteristics for traditional probiotics. For streptococcal probiotics targeting the oral cavity, acid tolerance is not a critical factor. Chronic multispecies bacterial infections of the oral cavity (e.g., dental caries, periodontal disease, and halitosis) are endemic, expensive to treat, and recalcitrant to conventional preventative protocols. These infections appear typically to be caused by the collective actions of more than one organism—the microbial community producing damage that individual microorganisms are probably incapable of inflicting. Intestinal probiotics are widely accepted for microbial population replacement and recolonization of the gastrointestinal tract, and a variety of beneficial strains are now inexpensively provided for the consumer.

Citation: Tagg J, Burton J, Wescombe P, Chilcott C. 2008. Streptococci as Effector Organisms for Probiotic and Replacement Therapy, p 61-81. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch6
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Streptococci as Effector Organisms for Probiotic and Replacement Therapy
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Citation: Tagg J, Burton J, Wescombe P, Chilcott C. 2008. Streptococci as Effector Organisms for Probiotic and Replacement Therapy, p 61-81. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555815462.ch06.ch06fig01
Figure 1
Illustration of the four classes of bacteriocins produced by gram-positive bacteria with examples currently known to be produced by streptococci. Footnotes: 1, ; 2, ; 3, ; 4, ; 5, ; 6, ; 7, ; 8, ; 9, ; 10, ; 11, ; 12, ; 13, ; 14, ; 15, ; 16, ; 17, ; 18, ; 19, ; 20, ; 21, ; 22, ; 23, ; 24, ; 25, R. E. Wirawan, N. C. K. Heng, R. W. Jack, and J. R. Tagg, abstr. B14, 7th ASM Conference on Streptococcal Genetics, St. Malo, France, 2006; 26, ; 27, ; 28, ; 29, ; 30, Wescombe et al., unpublished (GenBank accession no. DQ889747); 31, .
10.1128/9781555815462/ch6fig1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815462/ch6fig1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Illustration of the four classes of bacteriocins produced by gram-positive bacteria with examples currently known to be produced by streptococci. Footnotes: 1, ; 2, ; 3, ; 4, ; 5, ; 6, ; 7, ; 8, ; 9, ; 10, ; 11, ; 12, ; 13, ; 14, ; 15, ; 16, ; 17, ; 18, ; 19, ; 20, ; 21, ; 22, ; 23, ; 24, ; 25, R. E. Wirawan, N. C. K. Heng, R. W. Jack, and J. R. Tagg, abstr. B14, 7th ASM Conference on Streptococcal Genetics, St. Malo, France, 2006; 26, ; 27, ; 28, ; 29, ; 30, Wescombe et al., unpublished (GenBank accession no. DQ889747); 31, .

Citation: Tagg J, Burton J, Wescombe P, Chilcott C. 2008. Streptococci as Effector Organisms for Probiotic and Replacement Therapy, p 61-81. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch6
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Figure 2
Overview of the proposed role of in regulating population dynamics in the oral cavity. 1, megaplasmid transfer to other ; 2, complete loss of megaplasmid and related function(s); 3, mutation(s) in specific loci resulting in loss of certain function(s); 4, acquisition and/or transfer of ecologically relevant loci between K12 and other streptococci; 5, potential superinfecting microbes. Filled arrows indicate expression of ecologically relevant loci; complete arrows (filled and unfilled) indicate observed phenotypic changes; dashed, unfilled arrows (containing question marks) indicate hypothetical processes. (Courtesy of R.W. Jack.)
10.1128/9781555815462/ch6fig2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815462/ch6fig2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Overview of the proposed role of in regulating population dynamics in the oral cavity. 1, megaplasmid transfer to other ; 2, complete loss of megaplasmid and related function(s); 3, mutation(s) in specific loci resulting in loss of certain function(s); 4, acquisition and/or transfer of ecologically relevant loci between K12 and other streptococci; 5, potential superinfecting microbes. Filled arrows indicate expression of ecologically relevant loci; complete arrows (filled and unfilled) indicate observed phenotypic changes; dashed, unfilled arrows (containing question marks) indicate hypothetical processes. (Courtesy of R.W. Jack.)

Citation: Tagg J, Burton J, Wescombe P, Chilcott C. 2008. Streptococci as Effector Organisms for Probiotic and Replacement Therapy, p 61-81. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch6
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Tables

Streptococci as Effector Organisms for Probiotic and Replacement Therapy
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Citation: Tagg J, Burton J, Wescombe P, Chilcott C. 2008. Streptococci as Effector Organisms for Probiotic and Replacement Therapy, p 61-81. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555815462.ch06.ch06table01
Table 1
Characteristics of streptococci having potential relevance to their use as oral probiotics
Generic image for table
Table 1

Characteristics of streptococci having potential relevance to their use as oral probiotics

Citation: Tagg J, Burton J, Wescombe P, Chilcott C. 2008. Streptococci as Effector Organisms for Probiotic and Replacement Therapy, p 61-81. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555815462.ch06.ch06table02
Table 2
Major considerations when developing a new probiotic
Generic image for table
Table 2

Major considerations when developing a new probiotic

Citation: Tagg J, Burton J, Wescombe P, Chilcott C. 2008. Streptococci as Effector Organisms for Probiotic and Replacement Therapy, p 61-81. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch6

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