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Chapter 8 : Formulation, Administration, and Delivery of Probiotics

Author: Kasipathy Kailasapathy1
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Affiliations: 1: Probiotics and Encapsulated Functional Foods Research Unit, School of Natural Sciences, Centre for Plant and Food Science, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, South Penrith DC, NSW 1797, Australia
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2008

Category: Clinical Microbiology

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Abstract:

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and natural ways of suppressing the growth of pathogens has contributed to the growth of probiotic foods and nutraceuticals. Probiotic bacteria not only compete and suppress “unhealthy fermentation” in the human intestine but also produce a number of beneficial health effects of their own. The viability of probiotics has been both a marketing and a technological challenge for many processing industries. Viability during the shelf life of the product and survival in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to populate the human gut are two important issues in health benefit provision by probiotics. Additionally, factors related to the technological and sensory aspects of probiotic food production are of importance since only by satisfying the demands of consumers can the food industry succeed in promoting the consumption of functional probiotic products in the future. In the past, microorganisms were immobilized or entrapped in polymer matrices for use in food and biotechnological applications. As the technique of immobilization or entrapment became refined, the immobilized cell technology has evolved into encapsulation of cells. Compared to immobilization/entrapment techniques, microencapsulation (ME) has many advantages. There are several methods of ME. However, technologies applied to probiotics are generally limited to gelling, spray-drying, spray-cooling, extrusion, and emulsions. Controlled release of bacteria is a critical benefit of ME. As clinical evidence of the beneficial effects of probiotics accumulates, the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries will formulate new and innovative probiotic-based therapeutic products.

Citation: Kailasapathy K. 2008. Formulation, Administration, and Delivery of Probiotics, p 97-118. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch8

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Probiotic Bacteria
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Bifidobacterium bifidum
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Formulation, Administration, and Delivery of Probiotics
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Citation: Kailasapathy K. 2008. Formulation, Administration, and Delivery of Probiotics, p 97-118. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch8
/content/10.1128/9781555815462.ch08.ch08fig01
Figure 1
Principle of encapsulation: membrane barrier isolates cells from the host immune system while allowing transport of metabolites and extracellular nutrients. Membrane with size-selective pores (30 to 70 kDa) ( ).
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10.1128/9781555815462/ch8fig1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Principle of encapsulation: membrane barrier isolates cells from the host immune system while allowing transport of metabolites and extracellular nutrients. Membrane with size-selective pores (30 to 70 kDa) ( ).

Citation: Kailasapathy K. 2008. Formulation, Administration, and Delivery of Probiotics, p 97-118. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch8
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Figure 2
Section of alginate microcapsules showing the starch granules in the cavities (a), (b), and (c) ( ).
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10.1128/9781555815462/ch8fig2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Section of alginate microcapsules showing the starch granules in the cavities (a), (b), and (c) ( ).

Citation: Kailasapathy K. 2008. Formulation, Administration, and Delivery of Probiotics, p 97-118. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch8
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Figure 3
Release of encapsulated bacteria in ex vivo GI contents ( ).
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10.1128/9781555815462/ch8fig3.gif
Image of Figure 3
Figure 3

Release of encapsulated bacteria in ex vivo GI contents ( ).

Citation: Kailasapathy K. 2008. Formulation, Administration, and Delivery of Probiotics, p 97-118. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch8
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Figure 4
Release of encapsulated bacteria ( GFP K-12 strain) in porcine intestinal contents ( ).
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10.1128/9781555815462/ch8fig4.gif
Image of Figure 4
Figure 4

Release of encapsulated bacteria ( GFP K-12 strain) in porcine intestinal contents ( ).

Citation: Kailasapathy K. 2008. Formulation, Administration, and Delivery of Probiotics, p 97-118. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch8
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Figure 5
Release of encapsulated bacteria ( Shirota) in porcine intestinal contents ( ).
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10.1128/9781555815462/ch8fig5.gif
Image of Figure 5
Figure 5

Release of encapsulated bacteria ( Shirota) in porcine intestinal contents ( ).

Citation: Kailasapathy K. 2008. Formulation, Administration, and Delivery of Probiotics, p 97-118. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch8
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Tables

Formulation, Administration, and Delivery of Probiotics
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Citation: Kailasapathy K. 2008. Formulation, Administration, and Delivery of Probiotics, p 97-118. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch8
/content/10.1128/9781555815462.ch08.ch08table01
Table 1
Encapsulation of lactic acid and probiotic bacteria
Generic image for table
Table 1

Encapsulation of lactic acid and probiotic bacteria

Citation: Kailasapathy K. 2008. Formulation, Administration, and Delivery of Probiotics, p 97-118. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch8
/content/10.1128/9781555815462.ch08.ch08table02
Table 2
Release profile of strain Shirota from chitosan-coated alginate-starch capsules in mouse GI tract at different time intervals
Generic image for table
Table 2

Release profile of strain Shirota from chitosan-coated alginate-starch capsules in mouse GI tract at different time intervals

Citation: Kailasapathy K. 2008. Formulation, Administration, and Delivery of Probiotics, p 97-118. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch8

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