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Chapter 10 : Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics

Authors: Giovanni V. Coppa1, Orazio Gabrielli2
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Affiliations: 1: Institute of Maternal-Infantile Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy; 2: Institute of Maternal-Infantile Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2008

Category: Clinical Microbiology

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Abstract:

The characteristic composition of the intestinal microbiota of breast-fed neonates is due to the presence of particular substances in human milk. This chapter aims to identify the components that are able to promote the prebiotic effect in human milk, and is oriented towards modifying the composition of infant formulas in order to obtain an intestinal microbiota similar to that of breast-fed babies. It discusses history, synthesis, structure, metabolism of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO). No natural substances have the same biochemical composition as that of HMO, nor can they be synthesized in large quantities at acceptable prices. To overcome these problems, the industry has focused on the production of several carbohydrates, so-called nondigestible oligosaccharides (NDO), which, although having compositions different from those of HMO, are able to selectively stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the colon, reproducing the prebiotic effects of HMO. In conclusion, data related to the use of NDO in infant formulas clearly show the efficacy of galactooligosaccharides (GOS)/inulin mixtures, the capacity of GOS to induce a bifidogenic effect, even if in only a small number of studies, and the positive effects of FOS at a concentration of 4.0 g/liter on the intestinal microbiota. It has been demonstrated that, due to the presence of resistant bonds in their molecules, NDO are able to exert a prebiotic effect. This further confirms that, because of their peculiar structure, HMO have a very significant role in modulating the intestinal microbiota of neonates.

Citation: Coppa G, Gabrielli O. 2008. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics, p 131-146. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch10
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Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics
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Citation: Coppa G, Gabrielli O. 2008. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics, p 131-146. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch10
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Figure 1
Structure of some human milk oligosaccharides.
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Figure 1

Structure of some human milk oligosaccharides.

Citation: Coppa G, Gabrielli O. 2008. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics, p 131-146. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch10
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Figure 2
Thin-layer chromatography of milk oligosaccharides from women of four different groups.
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Figure 2

Thin-layer chromatography of milk oligosaccharides from women of four different groups.

Citation: Coppa G, Gabrielli O. 2008. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics, p 131-146. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch10
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Figure 3
Thin-layer chromatography of carbohydrates from mother’s milk and from the urine and feces of a newborn.
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Image of Figure 3
Figure 3

Thin-layer chromatography of carbohydrates from mother’s milk and from the urine and feces of a newborn.

Citation: Coppa G, Gabrielli O. 2008. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics, p 131-146. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch10
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Figure 4
High-performance anion-exchange chromatography of mother’s milk (a) and serum of a breast-fed infant (b). Peaks: 1, lacto--difucohexaose II; 2, trifucosyllacto--hexaose; 3, difucosyllacto--hexaose b; 4, difucosyllacto--hexaose; 5, difucosyllacto--hexaose I; 6, 3-fucosyllactose; 7, lacto--fucopentaose II; 8, 2′-fucosyllactose; 9, lacto--fucopentaose I; 10, monofucosyllacto--hexaose II; 11, lacto--neotetraose; 12, lacto--neohexaose; 13, lacto--tetraose; 14, lacto--hexaose; 15, monofucosylmonosialyllacto--neohexaose; 16, sialyllacto--tetraose c; 17, 6′-sialyllactose; 18, sialyllacto--tetraose a; 19, disialyllacto--tetraose.
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Image of Figure 4
Figure 4

High-performance anion-exchange chromatography of mother’s milk (a) and serum of a breast-fed infant (b). Peaks: 1, lacto--difucohexaose II; 2, trifucosyllacto--hexaose; 3, difucosyllacto--hexaose b; 4, difucosyllacto--hexaose; 5, difucosyllacto--hexaose I; 6, 3-fucosyllactose; 7, lacto--fucopentaose II; 8, 2′-fucosyllactose; 9, lacto--fucopentaose I; 10, monofucosyllacto--hexaose II; 11, lacto--neotetraose; 12, lacto--neohexaose; 13, lacto--tetraose; 14, lacto--hexaose; 15, monofucosylmonosialyllacto--neohexaose; 16, sialyllacto--tetraose c; 17, 6′-sialyllactose; 18, sialyllacto--tetraose a; 19, disialyllacto--tetraose.

Citation: Coppa G, Gabrielli O. 2008. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics, p 131-146. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch10
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Figure 5
High-performance anion-exchange chromatography of infant formula (a) and serum of a bottle-fed infant (b).
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Image of Figure 5
Figure 5

High-performance anion-exchange chromatography of infant formula (a) and serum of a bottle-fed infant (b).

Citation: Coppa G, Gabrielli O. 2008. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics, p 131-146. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch10
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Figure 6
Adherence of uropathogenic to HeLa cells in the absence of (a) and in the presence of (b) HMO.
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Image of Figure 6
Figure 6

Adherence of uropathogenic to HeLa cells in the absence of (a) and in the presence of (b) HMO.

Citation: Coppa G, Gabrielli O. 2008. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics, p 131-146. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch10
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Figure 7
Metabolic fate and biological functions of HMO.
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Image of Figure 7
Figure 7

Metabolic fate and biological functions of HMO.

Citation: Coppa G, Gabrielli O. 2008. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics, p 131-146. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch10
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Tables

Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics
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Citation: Coppa G, Gabrielli O. 2008. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics, p 131-146. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555815462.ch10.ch10table01
Table 1
Glycosyltransferases in the mammary gland
Generic image for table
Table 1

Glycosyltransferases in the mammary gland

Citation: Coppa G, Gabrielli O. 2008. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Prebiotics, p 131-146. In Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed), Therapeutic Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch10

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