Highlighted Text:
Show |
Hide
Full text loading...
Chapter 11 : Inulin-Type Fructans
Authors:
Jan Van Loo1,
Douwina Bosscher2
VIEW AFFILIATIONS
HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations:
1: BENEO-Orafti, Aandorenstraat 1, B3300 Tienen, Belgium;
2: BENEO-Orafti, Aandorenstraat 1, B3300 Tienen, Belgium
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2008
Category: Clinical Microbiology
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555815462
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555815462.ch11
MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.
Preview this chapter:
Inulin-Type Fructans, Page 1 of 2
< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815462/9781555814038_Chap11-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815462/9781555814038_Chap11-2.gif
Abstract:
Inulin-type fructans are the most extensively studied pre-biotic compounds with proven efficacy. As research progressed, three criteria that a food ingredient should fulfill before it can be classified as a prebiotic were accepted: first, it should be nondigestible and resistant to gastric acidity, hydrolysis by intestinal (brush border/pancreatic) digestive enzymes, and gastrointestinal absorption; second, it should be fermentable; and third, it should, in a selective way, stimulate the growth and/or metabolic activity of intestinal bacteria that are associated with health and well-being. Given the increasing prevalence of osteoporosis, increasing calcium absorption from the diet by the addition of inulin-type fructans is an important strategy to improve bone metabolism at all ages. At present there are two approaches to prevent osteoporosis. The first is by optimizing bone mass acquisition in the skeleton during growth, and the second is by minimizing bone loss in later life. More recently it was demonstrated that the effects of inulin-type fructans on cholesterol and lipid metabolism have beneficial consequences in the process of atherosclerosis given that both are at the basis of disease development. The mechanisms responsible for the effects of inulin-type fructans on lipid and cholesterol metabolism in the human body are complex and include various interdependent biochemical pathways which take place in the liver, pancreas, intestine, and peripheral tissues. Research in this field has evolved, with the primary focus being on endocrine activity in the gut.
Citation:
Loo J, Bosscher D.
2008.
Inulin-Type Fructans,
p 147-157.
In
Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed),
Therapeutic Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch11
Figures
Inulin-Type Fructans
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555815462.ch11-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555815462.ch11-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Jan Van, foaf_name=Jan Van Loo, foaf_surname=Loo, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555815462.ch11-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555815462.ch11-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555815462.ch11-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Douwina, foaf_name=Douwina Bosscher, foaf_surname=Bosscher, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555815462.ch11-aff2]]}]]
Citation:
Loo J, Bosscher D.
2008.
Inulin-Type Fructans,
p 147-157.
In
Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed),
Therapeutic Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch11
/content/10.1128/9781555815462.ch11.ch11fig01
Figure 1
Chemical structure of inulin.
10.1128/9781555815462/ch11fig1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815462/ch11fig1.gif
Figure 1
Chemical structure of inulin.
Citation:
Loo J, Bosscher D.
2008.
Inulin-Type Fructans,
p 147-157.
In
Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed),
Therapeutic Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch11
/content/10.1128/9781555815462.ch11.ch11fig02
Figure 2
High-performance anion-exchange chromatographic presentation of different chicory inulin fractions (products). The technique is not quantitative but shows accurately the distribution of various chain lengths. Native inulin (Orafti ST) is the inulin as extracted from the chicory root. The DP varies from 3 to 65; the average DP is 10. Oligofructose (Orafti P95) is partially hydrolyzed chicory inulin (DP, between 2 and 8; average DP, 4). Long-chain inulin (Orafti HP) is devoid of the oligofructose fraction (DP, between 10 and 65; average DP, 25). Oligofructose-enriched inulin (Orafti Synergy1) contains a selected range of chain lengths.
10.1128/9781555815462/ch11fig2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815462/ch11fig2.gif
Figure 2
High-performance anion-exchange chromatographic presentation of different chicory inulin fractions (products). The technique is not quantitative but shows accurately the distribution of various chain lengths. Native inulin (Orafti ST) is the inulin as extracted from the chicory root. The DP varies from 3 to 65; the average DP is 10. Oligofructose (Orafti P95) is partially hydrolyzed chicory inulin (DP, between 2 and 8; average DP, 4). Long-chain inulin (Orafti HP) is devoid of the oligofructose fraction (DP, between 10 and 65; average DP, 25). Oligofructose-enriched inulin (Orafti Synergy1) contains a selected range of chain lengths.
Citation:
Loo J, Bosscher D.
2008.
Inulin-Type Fructans,
p 147-157.
In
Versalovic J, Wilson M (ed),
Therapeutic Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815462.ch11
References
/content/book/10.1128/9781555815462.ch11
1.
Abrams,, S. A.,, I. J. Griffin,, K. M. Hawthorne, and, K. J. Ellis. 2007. Effect of prebiotic supplementation and calcium intake on body mass index. J. Pediatr. 151: 293– 298.
2.
Abrams,, S. A.,, I. J. Griffin,, K. M. Hawthorne,, L. Liang,, S. K. Gunn,, G. Darlington, and, K. J. Ellis. 2005. A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization in young adolescents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82: 471– 476.
3.
Bomba,, A.,, R. Nemcova,, S. Gancarcikova,, R. Herich,, P. Guba, and, D. Mudronova. 2002. Improvement of the prebiotic effect of microorganisms by their combination with maltodextrins, fructo-oligosaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Br. J. Nutr. 88:(Suppl.): S95–S99.
4.
Bosscher, D.,, J. Van Loo, and, A. Franck. 2006. Inulin and oligofructose as prebiotics in the prevention of intestinal diseases. Nutr. Res. Rev. 19: 216– 226.
5.
Brighenti, F.,, M. C. Casiraghi,, E. Canzi, and, A. Ferrari. 1999. Effect of consumption of a ready-to-eat breakfast cereal containing inulin on the intestinal milieu and blood lipids in healthy male volunteers. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 53: 726– 733.
6.
Buddington,, K. K.,, J. B. Donahoo, and, R. K. Buddington. 2002. Dietary oligofructose and inulin protect mice from enteric and systemic pathogens and tumor inducers. J. Nutr. 132: 472– 477.
7.
Burcelin, R. 2005. The incretins: a link between nutrients and well-being. Br. J. Nutr. 93:S147–S156.
8.
Butel,, M.,, I. Catala,, A. Waligora-Dupriet,, H. Taper,, A. Tessedre,, J. Durao, and, O. Szylit. 2001. Protective effect of dietary oligofructose against cecitis induced by clostridia in gnotobiotic quails. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 13: 166– 172.
9.
Butel, M., and, N. Roland. 1998. Clostridia pathogenicity in experimental necrotising enterocolitis in gnotobiotic quails and protective role of bifidobacteria. J. Med. Microbiol. 47: 391– 399.
10.
Cani, P.,, A. Neyrinck,, N. Maton, and, N. Delzenne. 2005a. Oligofructose promotes satiety in rats fed a high-fat diet: involvement of glucagon-like peptide-1. Obesity Res. 13: 1000– 1007.
11.
Cani,, P.,, C. Daubioul,, B. Reusens,, C. Remacle,, G. Catillon, and, N. Delzenne. 2005b. Involvement of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36) amide on glycemia-lowering effect of oligofructose in streptozotocin-treated rats. J. Endocrinol. 185: 457– 465.
12.
Cani,, P. D.,, C. Dewever, and, N. M. Delzenne. 2004. Inulin-type fructans modulate gastrointestinal peptides involved in appetite regulation (glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin) in rats. Br. J. Nutr. 92: 521– 526.
13.
Cani, P. D.,, C. Knauf,, M. A. Iglesias,, D. J. Drucker,, N. M. Delzenne, and, R. Burcelin. 2006a. Improvement of glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin sensitivity by oligofructose requires a functional glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor. Diabetes 55: 1484– 1490.
14.
Cani,, P. D.,, E. Joly,, Y. Horsmans, and, N. M. Delzenne. 2006b. Oligofructose promotes satiety in healthy human: a pilot study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 60: 567– 572.
15.
Cashman,, K. D. 2006. A prebiotic substance persistently enhances intestinal calcium absorption and increases bone mineralization in young adolescents. Nutr. Rev. 64: 189– 196.
16.
Catala,, I.,, M. J. Butel,, M. Bensaada,, F. Popot,, A. C. Tessedre,, A. Rimbault, and, O. Szylit. 1999. Oligofructose contributes to the protective role of bifidobacteria in experimental necrotising enterocolitis in quails. J. Med. Microbiol. 48: 89– 94.
17.
Cherbut, C.,, C. Michel, and, G. Lecannu. 2003. The prebiotic characteristics of fructooligosaccharides are necessary for reduction of TNBS-induced colitis in rats. J. Nutr. 133: 21– 27.
18.
Coudray,, C.,, J. Bellanger,, C. Castiglia-Delavaud,, C. Remesy,, M. Vermorel, and, Y. Rayssignuier. 1997. Effect of soluble or partly soluble dietary fibres supplementation on absorption and balance of calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc in healthy young men. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 51: 375– 380.
19.
Coudray, C.,, J. C. Tressol,, E. Gueux, and, Y. Rayssiguier. 2003. Effects of inulin-type fructans of different chain length and type of branching on intestinal absorption and balance of calcium and magnesium in rats. Eur. J. Nutr. 42: 91– 98.
20.
Daubioul,, C.,, N. Rousseau,, R. Demeure,, B. Gallez,, H. Taper,, B. Declerck, and, N. Delzenne. 2002. Dietary fructans, but not cellulose, decrease triglyceride accumulation in the liver of obese Zucker fa/fa rats. J. Nutr. 132: 967– 973.
21.
Davidson,, M. H., and, K. C. Maki. 1999. Effects of dietary inulin on serum lipids. J. Nutr. 129:1474S–1477S.
22.
Delzenne, N.,, J. Aertssens,, H. Verplaetse,, M. Roccaro, and, M. Roberfroid. 1995. Effect of fermentable fructo-oligosaccharides on mineral, nitrogen and energy digestive balance in the rat. Life Sci. 57: 1579– 1587.
23.
Delzenne,, N. M. 1993. Dietary fructooligosaccharides modify lipid metabolism in rats. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 57:820S.
24.
Den Hond,, E. M.,, B. J. Geypens, and, Y. F. Ghoos. 1997. Effect of long chain chicory inulin on bowel habit and transit time in constipated persons. Nutr. Res. 20: 731– 736.
25.
Ellegard, L.,, H. Andersson, and, I. Bosaeus. 1997. Inulin and oligofructose do not influence the absorption of cholesterol, or the excretion of cholesterol, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, or bile acids but increases energy excretion in ileostomy subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 51: 1– 5.
26.
Femia,, A. P.,, C. Luceri,, P. Dolara,, A. Giannini,, A. Biggeri,, M. Salvadori,, Y. Clune,, K. J. Collins,, M. Paglierani, and, G. Caderni. 2002. Antitumorigenic activity of the prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis 23: 1953– 1960.
27.
Fiordaliso,, M.,, N. Kok,, J. P. Desager,, F. Goethals,, D. Deboyser,, M. Roberfroid, and, N. Delzenne. 1995. Dietary oligofructose lowers triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol in serum and very low density lipoproteins of rats. Lipids 30: 163– 167.
28.
Firmansyah, A.,, G. Pramita,, C. Fassler,, F. Haschke, and, H. Link-Amster. 2000. Improved humoral immune response to measles vaccine in infants receiving infant cereal with fructooligosaccharides. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 31:S134.
29.
Fisberg,, M.,, I. Maulen,, E. Vasquez,, J. Garcia,, G. M. Comer, and, P. A. Alarcon. 2000. Effect of oral supplementation with and without synbiotics on catch-up growth in preschool children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 31:A521.
30.
Franck, A. 2002. Technological functionality of inulin and oligofructose. Br. J. Nutr. 87:S287-S291.
31.
Furrie, E.,, S. Macfarlane,, A. Kennedy,, J. H. Cummings,, S. V. Walsh,, D. A. O’Neil, and, G. T. Macfarlane. 2005. Synbiotic therapy ( Bifidobacterium longum/Synergy 1) initiates resolution of inflammation in patients with active ulcerative colitis: a randomised controlled pilot trial. Gut 54: 242– 249.
32.
Gibson,, G. R.,, E. R. Beatty,, X. Wang, and, J. H. Cummings. 1995. Selective stimulation of bifidobacteria in the human colon by oligofructose and inulin. Gastroenterology 108: 975– 982.
33.
Gibson,, G. R.,, H. M. Probert,, J. Van Loo,, R. A. Rastall, and, M. B. Roberfroid. 2004. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutr. Res. Rev. 17: 259– 275.
34.
Gibson,, G. R., and, X. Wang. 1994. Enrichment of bifidobacteria from human gut contents by oligofructose using continuous culture. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 118: 121– 127.
35.
Griffin,, I. J.,, P. M. Davila, and, S. A. Abrams. 2002. Non-digestible oligosaccharides and calcium absorption in girls with adequate calcium intakes. Br. J. Nutr. 87(Suppl. 2): S187– S191.
36.
Griffin,, I. J.,, P. M. D. Hicks,, R. P. Heaney, and, S. A. Abrams. 2003. Enriched chicory inulin increases calcium absorption mainly in girls with lower calcium absorption. Nutr. Res. 23: 901– 909.
37.
Hoentjen,, F.,, G. W. Welling,, H. J. Harmsen,, X. Zhang,, J. Snart,, G. W. Tannock,, K. Lien,, T. A. Churchill,, M. Lupicki, and, L. A. Dieleman. 2005. Reduction of colitis by prebiotics in HLA-B27 transgenic rats is associated with microflora changes and immunomodulation. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 11: 977– 985.
38.
Holloway,, L.,, S. Moynihan,, S. A. Abrams,, K. Kent,, A. R. Hsu, and, A. L. Friedlander. 2007. Effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women. Br. J. Nutr. 97: 365– 372.
39.
Jackson,, K. G.,, G. R. Taylor,, A. M. Clohessy, and, C. M. Williams. 1999. The effect of the daily intake of inulin on fasting lipid, insulin and glucose concentrations in middle-aged men and women. Br. J. Nutr. 82: 23– 30.
40.
Jain,, P. K.,, C. E. McNaught,, A. D. Anderson,, J. MacFie, and, C. J. Mitchell. 2004. Influence of synbiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb 12, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and oligofructose on gut barrier function and sepsis in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Clin. Nutr. 23: 467– 475.
41.
Kleessen,, B.,, B. Sykura,, H. J. Zunft,, and M. Blaut. 1997. Effects of inulin and lactose on fecal microflora, microbial activity, and bowel habit in elderly constipated persons. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65: 1397– 1402.
42.
Klinder,, A.,, A. Föster,, G. Caderni,, A. P. Femia, and, B. L. Pool-Zobel. 2004a. Fecal water genotoxicity is predictive of tumor-preventive activities by inulin-type oligofructoses, probiotics ( Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis), and their synbiotic combination. Nutr. Cancer 49: 144– 155.
43.
Klinder,, A.,, E. Gietl,, R. Hughes,, N. Jonkers,, P. Karlsson,, H. McGlyn,, S. Pistoli,, K. Tuohy,, J. Rafter,, I. R. Rowland,, J. Van Loo, and, B. Pool-Zobel. 2004b. Gut fermentation products of inulin-derived prebiotics beneficially modulate markers of tumour progression in human colon tumour cells. Int. J. Cancer Prev. 1: 19– 32.
44.
Kok, N.,, M. Roberfroid,, A. Robert, and, N. Delzenne. 1996. Involvement of lipogenesis in the lower VLDL secretion induced by oligofructose in rats. Br. J. Nutr. 76: 881– 890.
45.
Kok,, N. N.,, L. M. Morgan,, C. M. Williams,, M. B. Roberfroid,, J. P. Thissen, and, N. M. Delzenne. 1998a. Insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and insulin-like growth factor I as putative mediators of the hypolipidemic effect of oligofructose in rats. J. Nutr. 128: 1099– 1103.
46.
Kok,, N. N.,, H. S. Taper, and, N. M. Delzenne. 1998b. Oligofructose modulates lipid metabolism alterations induced by a fat-rich diet in rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 18: 47– 53.
47.
Langlands,, S. J.,, M. J. Hopkins,, N. Coleman, and, J. H. Cummings. 2004. Prebiotic carbohydrates modify the mucosa associated microflora of the human large bowel. Gut 53: 1610– 1616.
48.
Lewis, S.,, S. Burmeister, and, J. Brazier. 2005. Effect of the prebiotic oligofructose on relapse of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a randomized, controlled study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3: 442– 448.
49.
Lindsay,, J. O.,, K. Whelan,, A. J. Stagg,, P. Gobin,, H. O. Al-Hassi,, N. Raiment,, M. A. Kamm,, S. C. Knight, and, A. Forbes. 2006. Clinical, microbiological and immunological effects of fructo-oligosaccharides in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gut 55: 348– 355.
50.
Macfarlane, S.,, E. Furrie,, A. Kennedy,, J. H. Cummings, and, G. T. Macfarlane. 2005. Mucosal bacteria in ulcerative colitis. Br. J. Nutr. 93(Suppl. 1): S67– S72.
51.
Menne, E.,, N. Guggenbuhl, and, M. Roberfroid. 2000. Fn-type chicory inulin hydrolysate has a prebiotic effect in humans. J. Nutr. 130: 1197– 1199.
52.
Ohta,, A.,, S. Baba,, M. Ohtsuki,, T. Takizawa,, T. Adachi, and, H. Hara. 1997. In vivo absorption of calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide from the large intestine in rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 43: 35– 46.
53.
Oli,, M. W.,, B. W. Petschow, and, R. K. Buddington. 1998. Evaluation of fructooligosaccharide supplementation of oral electrolyte solutions for treatment of diarrhea. Recovery of the intestinal bacteria. Dig. Dis. Sci. 43: 138– 147.
54.
Orrhage, K.,, S. Sjostedt, and, C. E. Nord. 2000. Effects of supplements with lactic acid bacteria. J. Antimicrob. Chem-other. 46: 603– 611.
55.
Osman,, N.,, D. Adawi,, G. Molin,, S. Ahrne,, A. Berggren, and, B. Jeppsson. 2006. Bifidobacterium infantis strains with and without a combination of oligofructose and inulin (OFI) attenuate inflammation in DSS-induced colitis in rats. BMC Gastroenterol. 6:31.
56.
Rafter,, J.,, M. Bennett,, G. Caderni,, Y. Clune,, R. Hughes,, P. C. Karlsson,, A. Klinder,, M. O’Riordan,, G. C. O’Sullivan,, B. Pool-Zobel,, G. Rechkemmer,, M. Roller,, I. Rowland,, M. Salvadori,, H. Thijs,, J. Van Loo,, B. Watzl, and, J. K. Collins. 2007. Dietary synbiotics reduce cancer risk factors in polypectomized and colon cancer patients. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85: 488– 496.
57.
Rao,, V. A. 2001. The prebiotic properties of oligofructose at low intake levels. Nutr. Res. 21: 843– 848.
58.
Rault-Nania,, M. H.,, E. Gueux,, C. Demougeot,, C. Demigne,, E. Rock, and, A. Mazur. 2006. Inulin attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Br. J. Nutr. 96: 840– 844.
59.
Reddy,, B. S.,, R. Hamid, and, C. V. Rao. 1997. Effect of dietary oligofructose and inulin on colonic preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci inhibition. Carcinogenesis 18: 1371– 1374.
60.
Roberfroid, M.,, G. R. Gibson, and, N. M. Delzenne. 1993. The biochemistry of oligofructose, a nondigestible fiber: an approach to calculate its caloric value. Nutr. Rev. 51: 137– 146.
61.
Roberfroid,, M. B. 1997. Health benefits of non-digestible oligosaccharides, p. 211. In D. Kritchevsky and, C. T. Bonfield (ed.), Dietary Fiber in Health and Disease. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
62.
Roberfroid,, M. B.,, J. A. Van Loo, and, G. R. Gibson. 1998. The bifidogenic nature of chicory inulin and its hydrolysis products. J. Nutr. 128: 11– 19.
63.
Roberfroid,, M. B.,, J. Cumps, and, J. P. Devogelaer. 2002. Dietary chicory inulin increases whole-body bone mineral density in growing male rats. J. Nutr. 132: 3599– 3602.
64.
Roller, M.,, Y. Clune,, K. Collins,, G. Rechkemmer, and, B. Watzl. 2007. Consumption of prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis has minor effects on selected immune parameters in polypectomised and colon cancer patients. Br. J. Nutr. 97: 676– 684.
65.
Roller, M.,, G. Rechkemmer, and, B. Watzl. 2004. Prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis modulates intestinal immune functions in rats. J. Nutr. 134: 153– 156.
66.
Saavedra, J., and, A. Tschernia. 2002. Human studies with probiotics and prebiotics: clinical implications. Br. J. Nutr. 87:S241–S246.
67.
Scholz-Ahrens,, K. E.,, Y. Acil, and, J. Schrezenmeir. 2002. Effect of oligofructose or dietary calcium on repeated calcium and phosphorus balances, bone mineralization and trabecular structure in ovariectomized rats. Br. J. Nutr. 88: 365– 377.
68.
Schultz,, M.,, K. Munro,, G. W. Tannock,, I. Melchner,, C. Gottl,, H. Schwietz,, J. Scholmerich, and, H. C. Rath. 2004. Effects of feeding a probiotic preparation (SIM) containing inulin on the severity of colitis and on the composition of the intestinal microflora in HLA-B27 transgenic rats. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 11: 581– 587.
69.
Trautwein,, E. A.,, D. Rieckhoff, and, H. F. Erbersdobler. 1998. Dietary inulin lowers plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol and alters biliary bile acid profile in hamsters. J. Nutr. 128: 1937– 1943.
70.
Tuohy,, K. M.,, R. K. Finlay,, A. G. Wynne, and, G. R. Gibson. 2001. A human volunteer study on the prebiotic effects of HP-Inulin—faecal bacteria enumerated using fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH). Anaerobe 7: 113– 118.
71.
Van Loo, J. 2004. The specificity of the interaction with intestinal fermentation by prebiotics determines their physiological efficacy. Nutr. Res. Rev. 17: 89– 98.
72.
Van Loo, J.,, P. Coussement,, L. De Leenheer,, H. Hoebregs, and, G. Smits. 1995. On the presence of inulin and oligofructose as natural ingredients in the western diet. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 35: 525– 552.
73.
Videla,, S.,, J. Vilaseca,, M. Antolin,, A. Garcia-Lafuente,, F. Guarner,, E. Crespo,, J. Casalots,, A. Salas, and, J. R. Malagelada. 2001. Dietary inulin improves distal colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate in the rat. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96: 1486– 1493.
74.
Waligora-Dupriet,, A. J.,, F. Campeotto,, I. Nicolis,, A. Bonet,, P. Soulaines,, C. Dupont, and, M. J. Butel. 2007. Effect of oligofructose supplementation on gut microflora and well-being in young children attending a day care centre. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 113: 108– 113.
75.
Wang, X., and, G. R. Gibson. 1993. Effects of the in vitro fermentation of oligofructose and inulin by bacteria growing in the human large intestine. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 75: 373– 380.
76.
Welters,, C. F.,, E. Heineman,, F. B. Thunnissen,, A. E. van den Bogaard,, P. B. Soeters, and, C. G. Baeten. 2002. Effect of dietary inulin supplementation on inflammation of pouch mucosa in patients with an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Dis. Colon Rectum 45: 621– 627.
77.
Whelan,, K.,, L. Efthymiou,, P. A. Judd,, V. R. Preedy, and, M. A. Taylor. 2006. Appetite during consumption of enteral formula as a sole source of nutrition: the effect of supplementing pea-fibre and fructo-oligosaccharides. Br. J. Nutr. 96: 350– 356.
78.
Zafar,, T. A.,, C. M. Weaver,, Y. Zhao,, B. R. Martin, and, M. E. Wastney. 2004. Nondigestible oligosaccharides increase calcium absorption and suppress bone resorption in ovariectomized rats. J. Nutr. 134: 399– 402.