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Chapter 5 : The Diversity of Free-Living Protists Seen and Unseen, Cultured and Uncultured

Authors: David A. Caron1, Rebecca J. Gast2
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Affiliations: 1: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089–0371; 2: Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2008

Category: Genomics and Bioinformatics; Environmental Microbiology

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Abstract:

The development of improved preservation and staining techniques and particularly the application of electron microscopy provided a wealth of morphological information to improve the taxonomic criteria used for the description and identification of protists. This chapter concerns the "seen and unseen," "cultured and uncultured" protists, with a brief overview of these three categories. Ecological studies of cultured protists have included representatives from most of the major lineages of protists and have detailed the nutritional aspects of these species, their elemental stoichiometries, feeding behaviors and rates, growth rates, and growth efficiencies. The understanding of the biogeochemical significance and activities of these species has been ascertained largely through the manipulation and experimental examination of cultured protists. Using this information, ecologists have generated biogeochemical and food web models that significantly improved our understanding of the activities of photosynthetic and heterotrophic protists in natural communities and thus lend better insight into how aquatic communities function. The alveolates contain three well-known groups of protists: the ciliates, the dinoflagellates, and the apicomplexans. An example of the extensive genetic diversity detected in these very small protists can be found in the picoprasinophyte genus . Success in this work obviously requires some general knowledge of the nutrition of the target cells, so these attempts can improve dramatically as the "needs" of the protistan taxa are characterized.

Citation: Caron D, Gast R. 2008. The Diversity of Free-Living Protists Seen and Unseen, Cultured and Uncultured, p 67-93. In Zengler K (ed), Accessing Uncultivated Microorganisms. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815509.ch5
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The Diversity of Free-Living Protists Seen and Unseen, Cultured and Uncultured
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Citation: Caron D, Gast R. 2008. The Diversity of Free-Living Protists Seen and Unseen, Cultured and Uncultured, p 67-93. In Zengler K (ed), Accessing Uncultivated Microorganisms. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815509.ch5
/content/10.1128/9781555815509.ch05.ch05fig01
FIGURE 1
One recent proposition for the evolutionary relationships among living eukaryotic organisms. Note that protistan taxa dominate the many eukaryotic lineages of organisms with respect to diversity and evolutionary breadth. From S. L. Baldauf, D. Bhattacharya, J. Cockrill, P. Hugenholtz, J. Pawlowski, and A. G. B. Simpson. The tree of life: an overview, p. 43–75. J. Cracraft and M. J. Donoghue (ed.), chapter 4. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2004.
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Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

One recent proposition for the evolutionary relationships among living eukaryotic organisms. Note that protistan taxa dominate the many eukaryotic lineages of organisms with respect to diversity and evolutionary breadth. From S. L. Baldauf, D. Bhattacharya, J. Cockrill, P. Hugenholtz, J. Pawlowski, and A. G. B. Simpson. The tree of life: an overview, p. 43–75. J. Cracraft and M. J. Donoghue (ed.), chapter 4. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2004.

Citation: Caron D, Gast R. 2008. The Diversity of Free-Living Protists Seen and Unseen, Cultured and Uncultured, p 67-93. In Zengler K (ed), Accessing Uncultivated Microorganisms. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815509.ch5
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FIGURE 2
Examples of morphologically described and commonly cultured protists (“seen and cultured”) and morphologically described but uncultured protists (“seen but uncultured”). (A) Differential interference contrast micrograph of , a facultatively phototrophic/heterotrophic protist (from D. J. Patterson). species have been cultured for many years. (B) A phase-contrast micrograph of a symbiont bearing antarctic acantharian. Neither the host nor the symbionts have been cultured. (C) Dark-field photomicrograph of the planktonic foraminiferan, and its intracellular dinoflagellate symbionts. Planktonic foraminifera have never been cultured, the symbionts of () have been. (D) An antarctic tintinnid ciliate photographed using differential interference contrast microscopy. Tintinnids have been isolated and cultured from numerous marine ecosystems. (E) Scanning electron micrograph of , a cultured, red-tide dinoflagellate. (F) Light micrograph of an antarctic species of . Species of this genus have only recently been brought into laboratory culture (see text). (G) Phase-contrast micrograph of a lobose amoeba maintained in enrichment cultures. (H) Dark-field photomicrograph of several species of symbiont-bearing colonial radiolaria. Central capsules of the radiolaria are visible as small dots within the pseudopodial networks. Dinoflagellate symbionts give the capsules a yellowish green color. The dinoflagellate symbiont, , has been cultured, but the hosts have never been. (I) Phase-contrast micrograph of , a cultured prymnesiophyte alga that forms mucilaginous colonies. Individual cells are the small dots embedded in the colony matrix. (J) sp., a heterotrophic dinoflagellate with episymbiotic cyanobacteria, visualized using phase-contrast microscopy. The host has not been cultured, but the cyanobacterium has. (K) Negatively stained, transmission electron micrograph of sp., a cultured antarctic prasinophyte. (L) Phase micrograph of sp., an antarctic diatom. (M) Phaselight micrograph of an unknown, uncultured antarctic diatom. (N) Light micrograph of the heterotrophic ebriid, sp. Ebriids have not been cultured. (O) The commonly cultured ciliate, , with ingested prey (the pelagophyte alga, ), photographed using light microscopy. The pelagophyte has also been cultured and can be used to maintain cultures of this ciliate. Marker bars are 20 μm (A, B, F, L), 300 μm (C, H), 40 μm (D, E, I, M), 10 μm (G, J, N, O), and 2 μm (K).
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10.1128/9781555815509/f0072-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Examples of morphologically described and commonly cultured protists (“seen and cultured”) and morphologically described but uncultured protists (“seen but uncultured”). (A) Differential interference contrast micrograph of , a facultatively phototrophic/heterotrophic protist (from D. J. Patterson). species have been cultured for many years. (B) A phase-contrast micrograph of a symbiont bearing antarctic acantharian. Neither the host nor the symbionts have been cultured. (C) Dark-field photomicrograph of the planktonic foraminiferan, and its intracellular dinoflagellate symbionts. Planktonic foraminifera have never been cultured, the symbionts of () have been. (D) An antarctic tintinnid ciliate photographed using differential interference contrast microscopy. Tintinnids have been isolated and cultured from numerous marine ecosystems. (E) Scanning electron micrograph of , a cultured, red-tide dinoflagellate. (F) Light micrograph of an antarctic species of . Species of this genus have only recently been brought into laboratory culture (see text). (G) Phase-contrast micrograph of a lobose amoeba maintained in enrichment cultures. (H) Dark-field photomicrograph of several species of symbiont-bearing colonial radiolaria. Central capsules of the radiolaria are visible as small dots within the pseudopodial networks. Dinoflagellate symbionts give the capsules a yellowish green color. The dinoflagellate symbiont, , has been cultured, but the hosts have never been. (I) Phase-contrast micrograph of , a cultured prymnesiophyte alga that forms mucilaginous colonies. Individual cells are the small dots embedded in the colony matrix. (J) sp., a heterotrophic dinoflagellate with episymbiotic cyanobacteria, visualized using phase-contrast microscopy. The host has not been cultured, but the cyanobacterium has. (K) Negatively stained, transmission electron micrograph of sp., a cultured antarctic prasinophyte. (L) Phase micrograph of sp., an antarctic diatom. (M) Phaselight micrograph of an unknown, uncultured antarctic diatom. (N) Light micrograph of the heterotrophic ebriid, sp. Ebriids have not been cultured. (O) The commonly cultured ciliate, , with ingested prey (the pelagophyte alga, ), photographed using light microscopy. The pelagophyte has also been cultured and can be used to maintain cultures of this ciliate. Marker bars are 20 μm (A, B, F, L), 300 μm (C, H), 40 μm (D, E, I, M), 10 μm (G, J, N, O), and 2 μm (K).

Citation: Caron D, Gast R. 2008. The Diversity of Free-Living Protists Seen and Unseen, Cultured and Uncultured, p 67-93. In Zengler K (ed), Accessing Uncultivated Microorganisms. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815509.ch5
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FIGURE 3
(A) Rank-abundance curve of microbial taxa in an idealized microbial (bacterial) community and (B) an actual rank-abundance curve for a natural protistan assemblage. The inset in panel B shows an enlargement of the rank-abundance curve for the most commonly encountered phylotypes. Panel A is from ; panel B is from .
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Image of FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

(A) Rank-abundance curve of microbial taxa in an idealized microbial (bacterial) community and (B) an actual rank-abundance curve for a natural protistan assemblage. The inset in panel B shows an enlargement of the rank-abundance curve for the most commonly encountered phylotypes. Panel A is from ; panel B is from .

Citation: Caron D, Gast R. 2008. The Diversity of Free-Living Protists Seen and Unseen, Cultured and Uncultured, p 67-93. In Zengler K (ed), Accessing Uncultivated Microorganisms. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815509.ch5
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FIGURE 4
A proposed phylogenetic tree indicating the placement of major clades of “undescribed, uncultured” protistan taxa within the alveolates. Taken from Groisellier et al., 2006.
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Image of FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4

A proposed phylogenetic tree indicating the placement of major clades of “undescribed, uncultured” protistan taxa within the alveolates. Taken from Groisellier et al., 2006.

Citation: Caron D, Gast R. 2008. The Diversity of Free-Living Protists Seen and Unseen, Cultured and Uncultured, p 67-93. In Zengler K (ed), Accessing Uncultivated Microorganisms. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815509.ch5
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FIGURE 5
A proposed phylogenetic tree noting the association of several novel protistan clades within parasitic protistan lineages. Taken from .
10.1128/9781555815509/f0083-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815509/f0083-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5

A proposed phylogenetic tree noting the association of several novel protistan clades within parasitic protistan lineages. Taken from .

Citation: Caron D, Gast R. 2008. The Diversity of Free-Living Protists Seen and Unseen, Cultured and Uncultured, p 67-93. In Zengler K (ed), Accessing Uncultivated Microorganisms. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815509.ch5
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FIGURE 6
A proposed phylogenetic tree showing the placement of numerous novel marine stramenopile (MAST) phylotypes. Taken from .
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10.1128/9781555815509/f0084-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6

A proposed phylogenetic tree showing the placement of numerous novel marine stramenopile (MAST) phylotypes. Taken from .

Citation: Caron D, Gast R. 2008. The Diversity of Free-Living Protists Seen and Unseen, Cultured and Uncultured, p 67-93. In Zengler K (ed), Accessing Uncultivated Microorganisms. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815509.ch5
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