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Chapter 7 : Phospholipases of

Author: Geoffrey D. Robson1
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Affiliations: 1: Faculty of Life Sciences, 1800 Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2009

Category: Clinical Microbiology; Fungi and Fungal Pathogenesis

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Abstract:

Phospholipases are a group of esterases that are composed of two major categories, the acyl hydrolases and the phosphodiesterases. Investigations on the phospholipases of species have been very limited to date. Indirect evidence for extracellular phospholipase activity was demonstrated in by identifying the accumulation of phospholipid breakdown products in cultures of grown on lecithin using fast atom bombardment spectroscopy based on their mass ratios. On the basis of the specific degradation products found, it was predicted that secretes multiple extracellular phospholipases, including phospholipase A (PLA), phospholipase B (PLB), phospholipase C (PLC), and phospholipase D (PLD). More recently, the extracellular phospholipase activity was investigated in clinical and environmental isolates of . In a survey to investigate the extracellular phospholipase activity in clinical and environmental isolates of , the production of extracellular phospholipase of collected from different centers worldwide was compared. Pathogenicity of gene knockout strains in a pulmonary animal model are required to determine the significance of PLB activity in lung infection and disease progression. Phospholipases play an important role in the induction of cytokines in mammalian cells; for example, PLC activity from has been reported to induce the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) by endothelial cells. Similarly, researchers have reported that injury of endothelial cells by phospholipases following exposure to led to the synthesis of IL-6 and IL-8.

Citation: Robson G. 2009. Phospholipases of , p 75-86. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch7
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Phospholipases of Aspergillus fumigatus
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Citation: Robson G. 2009. Phospholipases of , p 75-86. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch7
/content/10.1128/9781555815523.ch07.ch07fig01
Figure 1.
General structure of a phospholipid. R and R represent fatty acyl side chains and “Head” represents the polar head group (generally choline, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, or glycerol).
10.1128/9781555815523/f0076-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815523/f0076-01.gif
Image of Figure 1.
Figure 1.

General structure of a phospholipid. R and R represent fatty acyl side chains and “Head” represents the polar head group (generally choline, ethanolamine, serine, inositol, or glycerol).

Citation: Robson G. 2009. Phospholipases of , p 75-86. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch7
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Figure 2.
Phylogentic relationship of PLAs from fungi and other organisms. Fungi abbreviations: Acap, ; Acla, ; Afla, ; Afum, ; Anid, ; Aory, ; Ater, ; Bfuc, ; Cimm, ; Cglo, ; Fgra, ; Mgri, ; Ncra, ; Nfis, ; Nhae, ; Sscl, . Mammalian abbreviations: Btau, ; Hsap, ; Mmus, . Bacteria abbreviations: Save, ; Scoe, . The neighbor-joining tree was constructed using ClustalW, and predicted protein sequences were only selected from organisms for which the whole genome was sequenced and the annotation was publicly available. *, signal peptide predicted; **, signal anchor predicted.
10.1128/9781555815523/f0078-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815523/f0078-01.gif
Image of Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Phylogentic relationship of PLAs from fungi and other organisms. Fungi abbreviations: Acap, ; Acla, ; Afla, ; Afum, ; Anid, ; Aory, ; Ater, ; Bfuc, ; Cimm, ; Cglo, ; Fgra, ; Mgri, ; Ncra, ; Nfis, ; Nhae, ; Sscl, . Mammalian abbreviations: Btau, ; Hsap, ; Mmus, . Bacteria abbreviations: Save, ; Scoe, . The neighbor-joining tree was constructed using ClustalW, and predicted protein sequences were only selected from organisms for which the whole genome was sequenced and the annotation was publicly available. *, signal peptide predicted; **, signal anchor predicted.

Citation: Robson G. 2009. Phospholipases of , p 75-86. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch7
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/content/10.1128/9781555815523.ch07.ch07fig03
Figure 3.
Phylogentic relationship of PLBs from fungi and other organisms. Fungi abbreviations: Acap, ; Acla, ; Afla, ; Afum, ; Anid, ; Aory, ; Ater, ; Calb, ; Cimm, ; Cglo, ; Dhan, ; Fgra, ; Klac, ; Lelo, ; Mgri, ; Ncra, ; Nfis, ; Scer, . Mammalian abbreviations: Btau, ; Hsap, ; Mmus, . Protist abbreviations: Ddis, ; Glam, . The neighbor-joining tree was constructed using ClustalW, and predicted protein sequences were only selected from organisms for which the whole genome was sequenced and the annotation was publicly available. *, signal peptide predicted; **, signal anchor predicted.
10.1128/9781555815523/f0080-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815523/f0080-01.gif
Image of Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Phylogentic relationship of PLBs from fungi and other organisms. Fungi abbreviations: Acap, ; Acla, ; Afla, ; Afum, ; Anid, ; Aory, ; Ater, ; Calb, ; Cimm, ; Cglo, ; Dhan, ; Fgra, ; Klac, ; Lelo, ; Mgri, ; Ncra, ; Nfis, ; Scer, . Mammalian abbreviations: Btau, ; Hsap, ; Mmus, . Protist abbreviations: Ddis, ; Glam, . The neighbor-joining tree was constructed using ClustalW, and predicted protein sequences were only selected from organisms for which the whole genome was sequenced and the annotation was publicly available. *, signal peptide predicted; **, signal anchor predicted.

Citation: Robson G. 2009. Phospholipases of , p 75-86. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch7
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/content/10.1128/9781555815523.ch07.ch07fig04
Figure 4.
Phylogentic relationship of PLCs from fungi and other organisms. Fungi abbreviations: Acap, ; Acla, ; Afla, ; Afum, ; Anid, ; Aory, ; Ater, ; Cimm, ; Fgra, ; Nfis, ; Rory, ; Tres, . Plant abbreviations: Atha, ; Osat, . Protist abbreviation: Tthe, . Bacteria abbreviations: Bper, ; Bpsu, ; Btha, ; Ccre, ; Mtub, ; Paer, ; Rsol, ; Save, ; Scoe, ; Xcam, ; Xory, . The neighbor-joining tree was constructed using ClustalW, and predicted protein sequences were only selected from organisms for which the whole genome was sequenced and annotation was publicly available. *, signal peptide predicted; **, signal anchor predicted.
10.1128/9781555815523/f0082-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815523/f0082-01.gif
Image of Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Phylogentic relationship of PLCs from fungi and other organisms. Fungi abbreviations: Acap, ; Acla, ; Afla, ; Afum, ; Anid, ; Aory, ; Ater, ; Cimm, ; Fgra, ; Nfis, ; Rory, ; Tres, . Plant abbreviations: Atha, ; Osat, . Protist abbreviation: Tthe, . Bacteria abbreviations: Bper, ; Bpsu, ; Btha, ; Ccre, ; Mtub, ; Paer, ; Rsol, ; Save, ; Scoe, ; Xcam, ; Xory, . The neighbor-joining tree was constructed using ClustalW, and predicted protein sequences were only selected from organisms for which the whole genome was sequenced and annotation was publicly available. *, signal peptide predicted; **, signal anchor predicted.

Citation: Robson G. 2009. Phospholipases of , p 75-86. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch7
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Tables

Phospholipases of Aspergillus fumigatus
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Citation: Robson G. 2009. Phospholipases of , p 75-86. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch7
/content/10.1128/9781555815523.ch07.ch07tab01
Table 1.
Properties of predicted phospholipases from
Generic image for table
Table 1.

Properties of predicted phospholipases from

Citation: Robson G. 2009. Phospholipases of , p 75-86. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch7

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