1887

Chapter 25 : Chronic Aspergillosis

Author: David W. Denning1
VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations: 1: Medicine and Medical Mycology, University of Manchester, and Education and Research Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, United Kingdom
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2009

Category: Clinical Microbiology; Fungi and Fungal Pathogenesis

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:
Preview Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

Chronic Aspergillosis, Page 1 of 2

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815523/9781555814380_Chap25-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815523/9781555814380_Chap25-2.gif

Abstract:

Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis was first described in humans, by Alexander Bennett in 1848, and numerous descriptive and diagnostic monikers have been used, including pulmonary aspergillosis with cavitation, symptomatic pulmonary aspergilloma, complex aspergilloma, and chronic granulomatous aspergillosis. The term chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis describes patients in whom there is formation and expansion of multiple cavities over time. There are three discrete clinical entities subsumed under the term chronic rhinosinusitis, namely, chronic invasive rhinosinusitis, fungus ball of the sinus, and chronic granulomatous rhinosinusitis or paranasal granuloma. Various cutaneous manifestations are caused by spp., including onychomycosis, external otitis, and primary cutaneous aspergillosis. A pulmonary aspergilloma and fungus ball of the sinus are rounded conglomerates of hyphae, mucus, and cellular debris. The author has seen a few cases of in the context of other chronic respiratory disease, but little has been written about it in the literature. Many different species of have been reported to cause onychomycosis, including , , , , and some rare species. This chapter talks about antifungal and surgical treatment and management of complications. Itraconazole and voriconazole are the preferred oral agents for chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA), with posaconazole being substituted for failure, toxicity, or emergence of resistance. Much-improved surgical and medical results are now reported, with long periods of remission on azole therapy or after surgical resection. The prognosis of a fungal ball of the maxillary sinus is also excellent, with a very low recurrence rate.

Citation: Denning D. 2009. Chronic Aspergillosis, p 319-331. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch25

Key Concept Ranking

Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis
0.5961193
Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha
0.43545595
Fungal Infections
0.42843044
Antifungal Agents
0.42297274
Transforming Growth Factor beta
0.4121132
0.5961193
Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

Figures

Chronic Aspergillosis
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555815523.ch25-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555815523.ch25-1,properties={foaf_givenname=David W., foaf_name=David W. Denning, foaf_surname=Denning, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555815523.ch25-aff1]]}]]
Citation: Denning D. 2009. Chronic Aspergillosis, p 319-331. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch25
/content/10.1128/9781555815523.ch25.ch25fig01
Figure 1.
(A) Chest radiograph showing extensive cavitary disease occupying most of the left upper lobe, with some pleural thickening, probably multiple cavities, and no aspergilloma. The trachea is deviated to the left. Some bronchiectasis is also visible in the left lower lobe. (B) CT scan of the thorax in the same patient, showing multicavity disease on the left with a single fungal ball (arrow) in one of the cavities. Moderate pleural thickening is visible around the cavities. (C) CT scan of the thorax in the same patient at a lower level of the thorax, showing a different configuration of cavities (which probably communicate with each other) with the same fungal ball, but larger in this cross-section. Also visible is a large bulla (air space) (arrow A) proximal to the abnormal lung adjacent (arrow B). Much less pleural thickening is visible at this level laterally.
10.1128/9781555815523/f0322-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815523/f0322-01.gif
Image of Figure 1.
Figure 1.

(A) Chest radiograph showing extensive cavitary disease occupying most of the left upper lobe, with some pleural thickening, probably multiple cavities, and no aspergilloma. The trachea is deviated to the left. Some bronchiectasis is also visible in the left lower lobe. (B) CT scan of the thorax in the same patient, showing multicavity disease on the left with a single fungal ball (arrow) in one of the cavities. Moderate pleural thickening is visible around the cavities. (C) CT scan of the thorax in the same patient at a lower level of the thorax, showing a different configuration of cavities (which probably communicate with each other) with the same fungal ball, but larger in this cross-section. Also visible is a large bulla (air space) (arrow A) proximal to the abnormal lung adjacent (arrow B). Much less pleural thickening is visible at this level laterally.

Citation: Denning D. 2009. Chronic Aspergillosis, p 319-331. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch25
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555815523.ch25.ch25fig02
Figure 2.
(A) Chest radiograph from a patient with CCPA, showing a single large cavity occupying most of the left upper lobe, with minor overlying pleural thickening and no aspergilloma. There are some pericavitary infiltrates and possibly one or two additional cavities inferior to the main large cavity. (B) Arteriogram of a left bronchial artery approached via a right common femoral approach. An arch aortogram showed some hypervascularity in the left upper lobe. The aorta was explored with a variety of catheters. There were four vessels with abnormal vascularity distally: two bronchial arteries, an intercostal artery, and a large medial branch of the internal mammary artery. The bronchial artery is shown. There is a large hypervascular supply to the mid-portion of the left lung. It was not possible to obtain a stable catheter position, and with the catheter at the orifice there was reflux of contrast into the aorta (just visible). Neither the conventional catheter nor a microcatheter could be advanced deeper into the vessel in order to obtain a satisfactory position for embolization, so this vessel was not embolized, although two others were.
10.1128/9781555815523/f0327-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815523/f0327-01.gif
Image of Figure 2.
Figure 2.

(A) Chest radiograph from a patient with CCPA, showing a single large cavity occupying most of the left upper lobe, with minor overlying pleural thickening and no aspergilloma. There are some pericavitary infiltrates and possibly one or two additional cavities inferior to the main large cavity. (B) Arteriogram of a left bronchial artery approached via a right common femoral approach. An arch aortogram showed some hypervascularity in the left upper lobe. The aorta was explored with a variety of catheters. There were four vessels with abnormal vascularity distally: two bronchial arteries, an intercostal artery, and a large medial branch of the internal mammary artery. The bronchial artery is shown. There is a large hypervascular supply to the mid-portion of the left lung. It was not possible to obtain a stable catheter position, and with the catheter at the orifice there was reflux of contrast into the aorta (just visible). Neither the conventional catheter nor a microcatheter could be advanced deeper into the vessel in order to obtain a satisfactory position for embolization, so this vessel was not embolized, although two others were.

Citation: Denning D. 2009. Chronic Aspergillosis, p 319-331. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch25
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555815523.ch25.ch25fig03
Figure 3.
Survival (censored) over 6 years for patients with an “aspergilloma” in sarcoidosis compared to survival after TB. Taken from Tomlinson and Sahn (1987) with permission.
10.1128/9781555815523/f0328-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815523/f0328-01.gif
Image of Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Survival (censored) over 6 years for patients with an “aspergilloma” in sarcoidosis compared to survival after TB. Taken from Tomlinson and Sahn (1987) with permission.

Citation: Denning D. 2009. Chronic Aspergillosis, p 319-331. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch25
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555815523.ch25
1. Alrajhi, A. A.,, M. Enani,, Z. Mahasin, and, Al-Omran. 2001. Chronic invasive aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses in immunocompetent hosts from Saudi Arabia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65: 83– 86.
2. Anonymous. 1970. Aspergilloma and residual tuberculous cavities: the results of a resurvey. Tubercle 51: 227– 245.
3. Beck-Mannagetta, J., and, D. Necek. 1986. Radiologic findings in aspergillosis of the maxillary sinus. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 62: 345– 349.
4. Beck-Mannagetta, J.,, D. Necek, and, M. Grasserbauer. 1983. Solitary aspergillosis of maxillary sinus, a complication of dental treatment. Lancet ii: 1260.
5. Bennett, J. H. 1842. On the parasitic vegetable structures found growing in live animals. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 15: 277– 279.
6. Binder, R. E.,, L. J. Faling,, R. D. Pugatch,, C. Mahasaen, and, G. L. Snider. 1982. Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis: a discrete clinical entity. Medicine (Baltimore) 61: 109– 124.
7. Bonifaz, A.,, P. Cruz-Aguilar, and, R. M. Ponce. 2007. Onychomycosis by molds. Report of 78 cases. Eur. J. Dermatol. 17: 70– 72.
8. Boyd, A. E.,, S. Modi,, S. J. Howard,, C. B. Moore,, B. G. Keevil, and, D. W. Denning. 2004. Adverse reactions to voriconazole. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39: 1241– 1244.
9. Butz, R. O.,, J. R. Zvetina, and, B. J. Leininger. 1985. Ten-year experience with mycetomas in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest 87: 356– 358.
10. Camuset, J.,, H. Nunes,, M. C. Dombret,, A. Bergeron,, P. Henno,, B. Philippe,, G. Dauriat,, G. Mangiapan,, A. Rabbat, and, J. Cadranel. 2007. Treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis by voriconazole in nonimmunocompromised patients. Chest 131: 1435– 1441.
11. Caras, W. E., and, J. L. Pluss. 1996. Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis: pathologic outcome after itraconazole therapy. Mayo Clin. Proc. 71: 25– 30.
12. Carvalho, A.,, A. C. Pasqualotto,, L. Romani,, D. W. Denning, and, F. Rodrigues. 2008. Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptors (TLR) genes and susceptibility to pulmonary aspergillosis. J. Infect. Dis. 197: 618– 621.
13. Chakrabarti, A.,, V. Gupta,, G. Biswas,, B. Kumar, and, V. K. Sakhuja. 1998. Primary cutaneous aspergillosis: our experience in 10 years. J. Infect. 37: 24– 27.
14. Chakrabarti, A., and, S. C. Sharma. 2000. Paranasal sinus mycoses. Indian J. Chest Dis. Allied Sci. 42: 293– 304.
15. Chen, J. C.,, Y. L. Chang,, S. P. Luh,, J. M. Lee, and, Y. C. Lee. 1997. Surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma: a 28 year experience. Thorax 52: 810– 813.
16. Clancy, C. J., and, M. H. Nguyen. 1998. Invasive sinus aspergillosis in apparently immunocompetent hosts. J. Infect. 37: 229– 240.
17. Collins, M. M.,, S. B. Nair, and, J.-P. Womold. 2003. Prevalence of noninvasive fungal sinusitis in South Australia. Am. J. Rhinol. 17: 127– 132.
18. Corr, P. 2006. Management of severe hemoptysis from pulmonary aspergilloma using endovascular embolization. Cardiovasc. Inter-vent. Radiol. 29: 807– 810.
19. Crosdale, D.,, K. Poulton,, W. Ollier,, W. Thomson, and, D. W. Denning. 2001. Mannose binding lectin gene polymorphisms as a susceptibility factor for chronic necrotising pulmonary aspergillosis. J. Infect. Dis. 184: 653– 656.
20. Dall’Igna, C.,, B. C. Palombini,, F. Anselmi,, E. Araújo, and, D. P. Dall’Igna. 2005. Fungal rhinosinusitis in patients with chronic sinusal disease. Rev. Bras. Otorhinolaringol. 71: 712.
21. Daly, R. C.,, P. C. Pairolero,, J. M. Piehler,, V. F. Trastek,, W. Spencer Payne, and, P. E. Bernatz. 1986. Pulmonary aspergilloma: results of surgical treatment. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 92: 981– 988.
22. Dawlatly, E. E.,, J. T. Anim,, S. Sowayan, and, A. Y. el-Hassan. 1988. Primary paranasal Aspergillus granuloma in Saudi Arabia. Trop. Geogr. Med. 40: 247– 250.
23. de Vallière, S., and, R. D. Barker. 2004. Residual lung damage after completion of treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 8: 767– 771.
24. Demir, A.,, M. Z. Gunluoglu,, A. Turna,, H. V. Kara, and, S. I. Dincer. 2006. Analysis of surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma. Asian Cardiovasc. Thorac. Ann. 14: 407– 411.
25. Denning, D. W.,, E. G. Evans,, C. C. Kibbler,, M. D. Richardson,, M. M. Roberts,, T. R. Rogers,, D. W. Warnock, and, R. E. Warren. 1995. Fungal nail disease: a guide to good practice (report of a Working Group of the British Society for Medical Mycology). BMJ 311: 1277– 1281.
26. Denning, D. W.,, K. Riniotis,, R. Dobrashian, and, H. Sambatakou. 2003. Chronic cavitary and fibrosing pulmonary and pleural aspergillosis: case series, proposed nomenclature change, and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37 (Suppl 3): S265– S280.
27. Elliott, J. A.,, L. J. Milne, and, D. Cumming. 1989. Chronic necrotising pulmonary aspergillosis treated with itraconazole. Thorax 44: 820– 821.
28. El-Oakley, R.,, P. Petrou, and, M. Goldstraw. 1997. Indications and outcome of surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma. Thorax 52: 813– 815.
29. Ferguson, B. J. 2000. Definitions of fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. 33: 227– 235.
30. Ferreiro, J. A.,, B. A. Carlson, and, D. T. Cody III. 1997. Paranasal sinus fungus balls. Head Neck 19: 481– 486.
31. Gefter, W. B.,, T. R. Weingrad,, D. M. Epstein,, R. H. Ochs, and, W. T. Miller. 1981. “Semi-invasive” pulmonary aspergillosis: a new look at the spectrum of Aspergillus infections of the lung. Radiology 140: 313– 321.
32. Gianni, C., and, C. Romano. 2004. Clinical and histological aspects of toenail onychomycosis caused by Aspergillus spp.: 34 cases treated with weekly intermittent terbinafine. Dermatology 209: 104– 110.
33. Giron, J.,, C. Poey,, P. Fajadet,, N. Sans,, D. Fourcade,, J. P. Senac,, J. J. Railhac,, M. Dahan,, J. Berjaud,, M. Krempf,, P. Leophonte,, A. Di-dier,, R. Escamilla,, P. Carles,, P. Arlet, and, D. Lauque. 1995. Palliative percutaneous treatment of inoperable pulmonary aspergilloma. Rev. Mal. Respir. 12: 593– 599.
34. Greene, R. 2005. The radiological spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis. Med. Mycol. 43 (Suppl. 1): S147– S154.
35. Grosjean, P., and, R. Weber. 2007. Fungus balls of the paranasal sinuses: a review. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 264: 461– 470.
36. Gupta, D.,, A. Hansell,, T. Nichols,, T. Duong,, J. G. Ayres, and, D. Strachan. 2000. Epidemiology of pneumothorax in England. Thorax 55: 666– 671.
37. Gupta, M.,, N. L. Sharma,, A. K. Kanga,, V. K. Mahajan, and, G. R. Tegta. 2007. Onychomycosis: clinicomycologic study of 130 patients from Himachal Pradesh, India. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 73: 389– 392.
38. Gupta, A. K.,, J. E. Ryder,, R. Baran, and, R. C. Summerbell. 2003. Non-dermatophyte onychomycosis. Dermatol. Clin. 21: 257– 268.
39. Hafeez, I.,, M. F. Muers,, S. A. Murphy,, E. G. Evans,, R. C. Barton, and, P. McWhinney. 2000. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung infection complicated by chronic necrotising pulmonary aspergillosis. Thorax 55: 717– 719.
40. Hedayati, M. T.,, A. C. Pasqualotto,, P. A. Warn,, P. Bowyer, and, D. W. Denning. 2007. Aspergillus flavus: human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producer. Microbiology 153: 1677– 1692.
41. Herbrecht, R.,, D. W. Denning,, T. F. Patterson,, J. E. Bennett,, R. E. Greene,, J. W. Oestmann,, W. V. Kern,, K. A. Marr,, P. Ribaud,, O. Lortholary,, R. Sylvester,, R. H. Rubin,, J. R. Wingard,, P. Stark,, C. Durand,, D. Caillot,, E. Thiel,, P. H. Chandrasekar,, M. R. Hodges,, H. T. Schlamm,, P. F. Troke,, B. de Pauw, et al. 2000. Randomised comparison of voriconazole and amphotericin B in primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 347: 408– 415.
42. Hilmioglu-Polat, S.,, D. Y. Metin,, R. Inci,, T. Dereli,, I. Kilinç, and, E. Tümbay. 2005. Non-dermatophytic molds as agents of onychomycosis in Izmir, Turkey: a prospective study. Mycopathologia 160: 125– 128.
43. Hope, W. W.,, T. J. Walsh, and, D. W. Denning. 2005. The invasive and saprophytic syndromes due to Aspergillus spp. Med. Mycol. 43 (Suppl. 1): S207– S238.
44. Imhof, A.,, D. J. Schaer,, U. Schanz, and, U. Schwarz. 2006. Neurological adverse events to voriconazole: evidence for therapeutic drug monitoring. Swiss Med. Wkly. 136: 739– 742.
45. Jain, L., and, D. W. Denning. 2006. The efficacy and tolerability of voriconazole in the treatment of chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis. J. Infect. 52: e133– e137.
46. Jardin, M., and, J. Remy. 1988. Control of hemoptysis: systemic angiography and anastomoses of the internal mammary artery. Radiology 168: 377– 383.
47. Jewkes, J.,, P. H. Kay,, M. Paneth, and, K. M. Citron. 1983. Pulmonary aspergilloma: analysis of cavitating invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 53: 621– 624.
48. Kato, T.,, I. Usami,, H. Morita,, M. Goto,, M. Hosoda,, A. Nakamura, and, S. Shima. 2002. Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis in pneumoconiosis: clinical and radiologic findings in 10 patients. Chest 121: 118– 127.
49. Khoo, S., and, D. W. Denning. 1994. Aspergillus infection in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19 (Suppl. 1): 541– 548.
50. Kim, Y. T.,, M. C. Kang,, S. W. Sung, and, J. H. Kim. 2005. Good long-term outcomes after surgical treatment of simple and complex pulmonary aspergilloma. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 79: 294– 298.
51. Klossek, J. M.,, L. Peloquin,, P. J. Fourcroy,, J. C. Ferrie, and, J. P. Fontanel. 1996. Aspergillomas of the sphenoid sinus: a series of 10 cases treated by endoscopic sinus surgery. Rhinology 34: 179– 183.
52. Kurnatowski, P., and, A. Filipiak. 2001. Otomycosis. Prevalence, clinical symptoms, therapeutic procedure. Mycoses 44: 472– 479.
53. Lee, J. J.,, P. Y. Chong,, C. B. Lin,, A. H. Hsu, and, C. C. Lee. 2008. High resolution chest CT in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: characteristic findings before and after antituberculous therapy. Eur. J. Radiol. 67: 100– 104.
54. Lee, K. S.,, H. T. Kim,, Y. H. Kim, and, K. O. Choe. 1993. Treatment of hemoptysis in patients with cavitary aspergilloma of the lung: value of percutaneous instillation of amphotericin B. Am. J. Roent-genol. 161: 727– 731.
55. Massard, G.,, J. M. Roeslin,, P. Wihlm,, J. P. Dumont,, N. Witz, and, G. Morand. 1993. Surgical treatment of pulmonary and bronchial as-pergilloma. Ann. Chir. 47: 141– 151.
56. McAleer, R. 1981. Fungal infections of the nails in Western Australia. Mycopathologia. 73: 115– 120.
57. McConnochie, K.,, M. O’Sullivan,, J. F. Khalil,, M. H. Pritchard, and, A. R. Gibbs. 1989. Aspergillus colonization of pulmonary rheumatoid nodule. Respir. Med. 83: 157– 160.
58. McGregor, D. H.,, C. J. Papasian, and, P. D. Pierce. 1989. Aspergilloma within cavitating pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 91: 100– 103.
59. Milosev, B.,, S. el-Mahgoub,, O. A. Aal, and, A. M. el-Hassan. 1969. Primary aspergilloma of paranasal sinuses in the Sudan. A review of seventeen cases. Br. J. Surg. 56: 132– 137.
60. Milroy, C. M.,, J. D. Blanshard,, S. Lucas, and, L. Michaels. 1989. Aspergillosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses. J. Clin. Pathol. 42: 123– 127.
61. Munk, P. L.,, A. D. Vellet,, R. N. Rankin,, N. L. Muller, and, D. Ahmad. 1993. Intracavitary aspergilloma: transthoracic percutaneous injection of amphotericin gelatin solution. Radiology 188: 821– 823.
62. Onsberg, P.,, D. Stahl, and, N. K. Veien. 1978. Onychomycosis caused by Aspergillus terreus. Sabouraudia 16: 39– 46.
63. Ozcan, M.,, K. M. Ozcan,, A. Karaarslan, and, F. Karaarslan. 2003. Concomitant otomycosis and dermatomycoses: a clinical and microbiological study. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 260: 24– 27.
64. Panda, N. K.,, S. C. Sharma,, A. Chakrabarti, and, S. B. Mann. 1998. Paranasal sinus mycoses in north India. Mycoses 41: 281– 286.
65. Pascual, A.,, T. Calandra,, S. Bolay,, T. Buclin,, J. Bille, and, O. Mar-chetti. 2008. Voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with invasive mycoses improves efficacy and safety outcomes. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46: 201– 211.
66. Pasqualotto, A. C., and, D. W. Denning. 2006. Post-operative aspergillosis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12: 1060– 1076.
67. Pasqualotto, A. C., and, D. W. Denning. 2007. Generic substitution of itraconazole resulting in clinical failure and resistance. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 30: 93– 94.
68. Piérard, G. 2001. Onychomycosis and other superficial fungal infections of the foot in the elderly: a pan-European survey. Dermatology 202: 220– 224.
69. Piraccini, B. M., and, A. Tosti. 2004. White superficial onychomycosis: epidemiological, clinical, and pathological study of 79 patients. Arch. Dermatol. 140: 696– 701.
70. Plaignaud, M. 1791. Observation sur fungus de sinus maxillaire. J. Chir. 1: 11– 116.
71. Pratap, H.,, R. K. Dewan,, L. Singh,, S. Gill, and, S. Vaddadi. 2007. Surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma: a series of 72 cases. Indian J. Chest Dis. Allied Sci. 49: 23– 27.
72. Procknow, J. J., and, D. F. Loewen. 1960. Pulmonary aspergillosis with cavitation secondary to histoplasmosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 82: 101– 111.
73. Ramani, R.,, P. Hazarika,, R. D. Kapadia, and, P. G. Shivananda. 1994. Invasive maxillary aspergillosis in an otherwise healthy individual. Ear Nose Throat J. 73: 420– 422.
74. Regnard, J. F.,, P. Icard,, M. Nicolosi,, L. Spagiarri,, P. Magdeleinat,, B. Jauffret, and, P. Levasseur. 2000. Aspergilloma: a series of 89 surgical cases. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 69: 898– 903.
75. Romano, C.,, M. Papini,, A. Ghilardi, and, C. Gianni. 2005. Onycho-mycosis in children: a survey of 46 cases. Mycoses 48: 430– 437.
76. Romano, C.,, C. Gianni, and, E. M. Difonzo. 2005. Retrospective study of onychomycosis in Italy: 1985–2000. Mycoses 48: 42– 44.
77. Rosenthal, S. A.,, R. Stritzler, and, J. Vilafane. 1968. Onychomycosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Report of a case. Arch. Dermatol. 97: 685– 687.
78. Sadikot, R. T.,, T. Greene,, K. Meadows, and, A. G. Arnold. 1997. Recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Thorax 52: 805– 809.
79. Sambatakou, H.,, V. Pravica,, I. Hutchinson, and, D. W. Denning. 2006. Cytokine profiling of pulmonary aspergillosis. Int. J. Immu-nogenet. 33: 297– 302.
80. Scher, R. K., and, J. M. Barnett. 1990. Successful treatment of Aspergillus flavus onychomycosis with oral itraconazole. J. Am. Acad. Der-matol. 23: 749– 750.
81. Severo, L. C.,, G. R. Geyer,, N. S. Porto,, M. B. Wagener, and, A. T. Londero. 1997. Pulmonary Aspergillus niger intracavitary colonization. Report of 23 cases and a review of the literature. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 14: 104– 110.
82. Shiraishi, Y.,, N. Katsuragi,, Y. Nakajima,, M. Hashizume,, N. Taka-hashi, and, Y. Miyasaka. 2006. Pneumonectomy for complex as-pergilloma: is it still dangerous? Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 29: 9– 13.
83. Shoseyov, D.,, K. G. Brownlee,, S. P. Conway, and, E. Kerem. 2006. Aspergillus bronchitis in cystic fibrosis. Chest 130: 222– 226.
84. Singh, P.,, P. Kumar,, R. P. Bhagi, and, R. Singla. 1989. Pulmonary aspergilloma: radiological observations. Indian J. Chest Dis. Allied Sci. 31: 177– 185.
85. Sonnenberg, P.,, J. Murray,, J. R. Glynn,, S. Shearer,, B. Kambashi, and, P. Godfrey-Faussett. 2001. HIV-1 and recurrence, relapse, and reinfection of tuberculosis after cure: a cohort study in South African mineworkers. Lancet 358: 1687– 1693.
86. Stammberger, H.,, R. Jakse, and, F. Beaufort. 1984. Aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses: X-ray diagnosis, histopathology, and clinical aspects. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 93: 251– 256.
87. Stiksa, G.,, G. Eklundh,, L. Riebe, and, B. G. Simonsson. 1976. Bilateral pulmonary aspergilloma in ankylosing spondylitis treated with transthoracic instillations of antifungal agents. Scand. J. Respir. Dis. 57: 163– 170.
88. Surjushe, A.,, R. Kamath,, C. Oberai,, D. Saple,, M. Thakre,, S. Dharm-shale, and, A. Gohil. 2007. A clinical and mycological study of on-ychomycosis in HIV infection. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 73: 397– 401.
89. Surya Prakash Rao, G.,, S. B. Mann,, P. Talwar, and, M. M. Arora. 1984. Primary mycotic infection of paranasal sinuses. Mycopathol-ogia 84: 73– 76.
90. Swift, A. C., and, D. W. Denning. 1998. Skull base osteitis following fungal sinusitis. J. Laryngol. Otol. 112: 92– 97.
91. Tomlinson, J. R., and, S. A. Sahn. 1987. Aspergilloma in sarcoid and tuberculosis. Chest 92: 505– 508.
92. Torres-RodrÍguez, J. M.,, N. Madrenys-Brunet,, M. Siddat,, O. López-Jodra, and, T. Jimenez. 1998. Aspergillus versicolor as cause of on-ychomycosis: report of 12 cases and susceptibility testing to antifungal drugs. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 11: 25– 31.
93. Tosti, A.,, B. M. Piraccini, and, S. Lorenzi. 2000. Onychomycosis caused by nondermatophytic molds: clinical features and response to treatment of 59 cases. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 42: 217– 224.
94. Tosti, A., and, B. M. Piraccini. 1998. Proximal subungual onychomycosis due to Aspergillus niger: report of two cases. Br. J. Der-matol. 139: 156– 157.
95. Vaid, M.,, S. Savneet Kaur,, H. Sambatakou,, T. Madan,, D. W. Denning, and, P. U. Sarma. 2007. Association of distinct alleles of MBL and SP-A with chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 45: 183– 186.
96. Veer, P.,, N. S. Patwardhan, and, A. S. Damle. 2007. Study of onycho-mycosis: prevailing fungi and pattern of infection. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 25: 53– 56.
97. Veress, B.,, O. A. Malik,, A. A. el-Tayeb,, S. el-Daoud,, E. S. Mahgoub, and, A. M. el-Hassan. 1973. Further observations on the primary paranasal Aspergillus granuloma in the Sudan: a morphological study of 46 cases. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 22: 765– 772.
98. Walsh, T. J.,, E. J. Anaissie,, D. W. Denning,, R. Herbrecht,, D. P. Kon-toyiannis,, K. A. Marr,, V. A. Morrison,, B. H. Segal,, W. J. Steinbach,, D. A. Stevens,, J. A. van Burik,, J. R. Wingard,, T. F. Patterson, et al. 2008. Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46: 327– 360.
99. Wollschlager, C., and, F. Khan. 1984. Aspergillomas complicating sar-coidosis. Chest 86: 565– 588.
100. Yagi, H. I.,, S. A. Gumaa,, A. L. Shumo,, N. Abdalla, and, A. A. Gadir. 1999. Nasosinus aspergillosis in Sudanese patients: clinical features, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. J. Otolaryngol. 28: 90– 94.
101. Zaror, L.,, O. Fischman,, F. A. Suzuki, and, R. G. Felipe. 1991. Oto-mycosis in São Paulo. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 33: 169– 173.
102. Zinreich, S. J.,, D. W. Kennedy,, J. Malat,, H. D. Curtin,, J. I. Epstein,, L. C. Huff,, A. J. Kumar,, M. E. Johns, and, A. E. Rosenbaum. 1988. Fungal sinusitis: diagnosis with CT and MR imaging. Radiology 169: 439– 444.

Tables

Chronic Aspergillosis
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555815523.ch25-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555815523.ch25-1,properties={foaf_givenname=David W., foaf_name=David W. Denning, foaf_surname=Denning, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555815523.ch25-aff1]]}]]
Citation: Denning D. 2009. Chronic Aspergillosis, p 319-331. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch25
/content/10.1128/9781555815523.ch25.ch25tab01
Table 1.
Chronic aspergillosis syndromes
Generic image for table
Table 1.

Chronic aspergillosis syndromes

Citation: Denning D. 2009. Chronic Aspergillosis, p 319-331. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch25
/content/10.1128/9781555815523.ch25.ch25tab02
Table 2.
Criteria for the diagnosis of fungus ball of the sinus
Generic image for table
Table 2.

Criteria for the diagnosis of fungus ball of the sinus

Citation: Denning D. 2009. Chronic Aspergillosis, p 319-331. In Latgé J, Steinbach W (ed), and Aspergillosis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815523.ch25

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error