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Chapter 25 : Molecular Aspects of Butanol Fermentation

Authors: Carlos J. Paredes1, Shawn W. Jones2, Ryan S. Senger3, Jacob R. Borden4, Ryan Sillers5, Eleftherios T. Papoutsakis6
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Affiliations: 1: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; 2: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; 3: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; 4: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; 5: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; 6: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2008

Category: Applied and Industrial Microbiology

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Abstract:

This chapter focuses on the regulation of solvent formation in solventogenic clostridia and in particular in ATCC 824, the most widely studied solventogenic at a genetic level, and until recently the only sequenced one. and other clostridia are also discussed to the extent that relevant molecular details are known and pertinent to the subject matter. When grown at neutral pH under conditions of high NAD(P)H availability, the culture of is termed alcohologenic as only butanol and ethanol are produced. The chapter focuses on these and related questions with emphasis on more-recent and genomically based work that has not been previously reviewed. The five solventogenic genes on pSOL1 are organized into three operons. Solvent and acid tolerance can be classified as a complex genetic trait, and its characterization requires not only the study of the ''key players'' but also the study of the organism response as a whole. Notable among the methodological improvements in this work were the improved performances of gene inserts from serial enrichment as opposed to a single round of enrichment in batch culture. It seems likely that one or more of the 178 pSOL1 genes is responsible for increased tolerance to butanol. Early attempts relied on the first systematic use of metabolic stoichiometry in order to calculate metabolic fluxes and carry out a large-scale metabolic flux analysis on the overall primary metabolism of .

Citation: Paredes C, Jones S, Senger R, Borden J, Sillers R, Papoutsakis E. 2008. Molecular Aspects of Butanol Fermentation, p 323-334. In Wall J, Harwood C, Demain A (ed), Bioenergy. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815547.ch25

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Molecular Aspects of Butanol Fermentation
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Citation: Paredes C, Jones S, Senger R, Borden J, Sillers R, Papoutsakis E. 2008. Molecular Aspects of Butanol Fermentation, p 323-334. In Wall J, Harwood C, Demain A (ed), Bioenergy. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815547.ch25
/content/10.1128/9781555815547.ch25.ch25fig01
Figure 1.
Metabolic pathways leading to acid and solvent formation in clostridia. The gene names shown correspond to those in ATCC 824. Genes belonging to the same transcriptional unit share the same background (i.e., shaded or unshaded) on the left-hand table. The two boxes correspond to the genes encoding the proteins shown in the graph. Systematic gene names are shown according to the genome annotation of ATCC 824 ( ) whereby CAC is used for genes located on the chromosome and CAP is used for genes located on the pSOL1 megaplasmid.
10.1128/9781555815547/f0325-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815547/f0325-01.gif
Image of Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Metabolic pathways leading to acid and solvent formation in clostridia. The gene names shown correspond to those in ATCC 824. Genes belonging to the same transcriptional unit share the same background (i.e., shaded or unshaded) on the left-hand table. The two boxes correspond to the genes encoding the proteins shown in the graph. Systematic gene names are shown according to the genome annotation of ATCC 824 ( ) whereby CAC is used for genes located on the chromosome and CAP is used for genes located on the pSOL1 megaplasmid.

Citation: Paredes C, Jones S, Senger R, Borden J, Sillers R, Papoutsakis E. 2008. Molecular Aspects of Butanol Fermentation, p 323-334. In Wall J, Harwood C, Demain A (ed), Bioenergy. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815547.ch25
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/content/10.1128/9781555815547.ch25.ch25fig02
Figure 2.
Schematic depiction of the morphological changes during sporulation and solventogenesis in clostridia. Each stage is named after the equivalent one in , and the main sporulation sigma factors expressed at each stage are also indicated.
10.1128/9781555815547/f0326-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815547/f0326-01.gif
Image of Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Schematic depiction of the morphological changes during sporulation and solventogenesis in clostridia. Each stage is named after the equivalent one in , and the main sporulation sigma factors expressed at each stage are also indicated.

Citation: Paredes C, Jones S, Senger R, Borden J, Sillers R, Papoutsakis E. 2008. Molecular Aspects of Butanol Fermentation, p 323-334. In Wall J, Harwood C, Demain A (ed), Bioenergy. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815547.ch25
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Tables

Molecular Aspects of Butanol Fermentation
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Citation: Paredes C, Jones S, Senger R, Borden J, Sillers R, Papoutsakis E. 2008. Molecular Aspects of Butanol Fermentation, p 323-334. In Wall J, Harwood C, Demain A (ed), Bioenergy. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815547.ch25
/content/10.1128/9781555815547.ch25.ch25tab01
Table 1.
Effects of substrates and medium composition on solvent production
Generic image for table
Table 1.

Effects of substrates and medium composition on solvent production

Citation: Paredes C, Jones S, Senger R, Borden J, Sillers R, Papoutsakis E. 2008. Molecular Aspects of Butanol Fermentation, p 323-334. In Wall J, Harwood C, Demain A (ed), Bioenergy. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815547.ch25

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