1887

14 : Zygomycosis

Authors: Corina E. Gonzalez1, Charalampos Antachopoulos2, Thomas J. Walsh3, Shmuel Shoham4
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Affiliations: 1: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007; 2: Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; 3: Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; 4: Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2007

Category: Clinical Microbiology

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Abstract:

There is now accumulating evidence that receipt of prophylaxis or treatment with voriconazole and the severity of the immunosuppression appear to work in conjunction to favor increase in the incidence of zygomycosis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients. This increase in zygomycosis stands in contrast to prior reports of breakthrough infections seen when fluconazole or itraconazole was used for antifungal prophylaxis in HSCT recipients. The importance of iron availability in the pathogenesis of zygomycosis is underscored by the increased incidence of zygomycosis in patients on deferoxamine therapy or with iron overload. Sinus disease is estimated that about two-thirds of the cases of sinus zygomycosis occur in diabetic patients, often in the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis. Opacification of the paranasal sinuses, fluid levels, bone destruction, and osteomyelitis are the main radiographic findings associated with sinus zygomycosis. Among the different sites, primary pulmonary infection is more frequently associated with disseminated zygomycosis. The presenting signs, symptoms, and radiographic findings of zygomycosis are nonspecific and should be interpreted with respect to the underlying condition of the patient. Despite the recent advances in antifungal therapy, zygomycosis continues to be one of the most fulminant mycoses in humans. Correction of the patient’s underlying condition that predisposes to zygomycosis is one of the cornerstones of successful management of this devastating infection. Surgical debridement is of critical importance for the successful management of zygomycosis. Zygomycetes cause disease in a number of susceptible hosts with different predisposing conditions, including surgery, burns, trauma, diabetes mellitus, and treatment with deferoxamine.

Citation: Gonzalez C, Antachopoulos C, Walsh T, Shoham S. 2007. Zygomycosis, p 247-281. In Scheld W, Hooper D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 7. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815585.ch14
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Zygomycosis
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Citation: Gonzalez C, Antachopoulos C, Walsh T, Shoham S. 2007. Zygomycosis, p 247-281. In Scheld W, Hooper D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 7. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815585.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555815585.ch14.ch14fig01
Figure 1.
Rhinocerebral zygomycosis, demonstrating left ethmoidal infection, disruption of the lamina papyracea, invasion of the orbital compartment, proptosis of the globe of the eye, sphenoidal sinusitis, cavernous sinus involvement, and a cerebellar pontine infarct.
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Image of Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Rhinocerebral zygomycosis, demonstrating left ethmoidal infection, disruption of the lamina papyracea, invasion of the orbital compartment, proptosis of the globe of the eye, sphenoidal sinusitis, cavernous sinus involvement, and a cerebellar pontine infarct.

Citation: Gonzalez C, Antachopoulos C, Walsh T, Shoham S. 2007. Zygomycosis, p 247-281. In Scheld W, Hooper D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 7. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815585.ch14
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Figure 2.
Pulmonary zygomycosis. The CT image demonstrates early pulmonary zygomycosis involving the left lower lobe, with multiple small nodular infiltrates, including a larger peripheral subpleural nodule surrounded by a delicate alveolar infiltrate.
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Image of Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Pulmonary zygomycosis. The CT image demonstrates early pulmonary zygomycosis involving the left lower lobe, with multiple small nodular infiltrates, including a larger peripheral subpleural nodule surrounded by a delicate alveolar infiltrate.

Citation: Gonzalez C, Antachopoulos C, Walsh T, Shoham S. 2007. Zygomycosis, p 247-281. In Scheld W, Hooper D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 7. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815585.ch14
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Figure 3.
Histological characteristics of invasive zygomycosis. The isolate of in this excisional biopsy specimen of the kidney demonstrates broad, ribbon-like, sparsely septated hyphae with nondichotomous “right-angled” branching.
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10.1128/9781555815585/f0255-01.gif
Image of Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Histological characteristics of invasive zygomycosis. The isolate of in this excisional biopsy specimen of the kidney demonstrates broad, ribbon-like, sparsely septated hyphae with nondichotomous “right-angled” branching.

Citation: Gonzalez C, Antachopoulos C, Walsh T, Shoham S. 2007. Zygomycosis, p 247-281. In Scheld W, Hooper D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 7. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815585.ch14
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Figure 4.
Photomicrographs of three medically important genera of Zygomycetes: (top), (middle), and (bottom). (Top) The rhizoids, or root-like structures, of the genus arise from the base of the connection between the sporangiophores and stolon. The sporangia in this photomicrograph have opened to release their contents of sporangiospores (original magnification, ×200). (Middle) The genus is characterized by the absence of rhizoids at the junction between the sporangiophores and stolon. The curved sporangiophores in this photomicrograph are typical of (original magnification, ×400). (Bottom) The sporangium of is distinct in having sporangioles on the surface of the sporangium (original magnification, ×630). Sporangioles of spp. are connected to the sporangium by short processes known as ostioles.
10.1128/9781555815585/f0258-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815585/f0258-01.gif
Image of Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Photomicrographs of three medically important genera of Zygomycetes: (top), (middle), and (bottom). (Top) The rhizoids, or root-like structures, of the genus arise from the base of the connection between the sporangiophores and stolon. The sporangia in this photomicrograph have opened to release their contents of sporangiospores (original magnification, ×200). (Middle) The genus is characterized by the absence of rhizoids at the junction between the sporangiophores and stolon. The curved sporangiophores in this photomicrograph are typical of (original magnification, ×400). (Bottom) The sporangium of is distinct in having sporangioles on the surface of the sporangium (original magnification, ×630). Sporangioles of spp. are connected to the sporangium by short processes known as ostioles.

Citation: Gonzalez C, Antachopoulos C, Walsh T, Shoham S. 2007. Zygomycosis, p 247-281. In Scheld W, Hooper D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 7. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815585.ch14
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Figure 5.
Therapeutic approach to zygomycosis.
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Image of Figure 5.
Figure 5.

Therapeutic approach to zygomycosis.

Citation: Gonzalez C, Antachopoulos C, Walsh T, Shoham S. 2007. Zygomycosis, p 247-281. In Scheld W, Hooper D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 7. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815585.ch14
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