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15 : Emerging Food- and Waterborne Protozoan Diseases

Authors: Michael J. Arrowood1, Lihua X. Xiao2, Ynes R. Ortega3, Ronald Fayer4
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Affiliations: 1: Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30341; 2: Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30341; 3: Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223; 4: Environmental Microbial Safety Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2007

Category: Clinical Microbiology

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Abstract:

This chapter describes the most relevant features of protozoan agents of foodborne diseases and waterborne diseases, specifically, and , which cause diarrheal illness in humans, and , which is associated with encephalitis, chorioretinitis, and abortion. In developing countries, human cryptosporidiosis and cyclosporiasis occur most frequently in children. While is common worldwide, endemic may be restricted to those communities that lack adequate water treatment (e.g., filtration) and sanitation (sewage treatment). Children can have multiple episodes of cryptosporidiosis and cyclosporiasis, implying that the acquired anti- or anti- immunity in children is short-lived or incomplete. Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common causes of primary chorioretinitis in children. In industrialized nations, the most effective treatment and prophylaxis for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients is the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Reports of food-related infections by are few, difficult to document, and probably greatly underreported, with individual cases and small-group outbreaks unlikely to be recognized. A small number of food-borne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have been reported. Genetic characterization of 25 isolates from market pigs identified three distinct strains based on RFLP assays at the SAG2 locus with no evidence of recombinants, implying that three distinct exposure events occurred during the lifespans of the pigs. Whether the risks are associated with improper water or sewage treatment, improper or inadequate food preparation or agricultural practices, or simply hygiene failures leading to person-to-person transmission, the efforts to control these opportunistic parasites will continue to be a challenge.

Citation: Arrowood M, Xiao L, Ortega Y, Fayer R. 2007. Emerging Food- and Waterborne Protozoan Diseases, p 283-308. In Scheld W, Hooper D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 7. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815585.ch15
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Tables

Emerging Food- and Waterborne Protozoan Diseases
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Citation: Arrowood M, Xiao L, Ortega Y, Fayer R. 2007. Emerging Food- and Waterborne Protozoan Diseases, p 283-308. In Scheld W, Hooper D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 7. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815585.ch15
/content/10.1128/9781555815585.ch15.ch15tab01
Table 1.
Cryptosporidiosis: drinking-water outbreaks
Generic image for table
Table 1.

Cryptosporidiosis: drinking-water outbreaks

Citation: Arrowood M, Xiao L, Ortega Y, Fayer R. 2007. Emerging Food- and Waterborne Protozoan Diseases, p 283-308. In Scheld W, Hooper D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 7. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815585.ch15
/content/10.1128/9781555815585.ch15.ch15tab02
TABLE 2
Cryptosporidiosis: recreational-water outbreaks
Generic image for table
TABLE 2

Cryptosporidiosis: recreational-water outbreaks

Citation: Arrowood M, Xiao L, Ortega Y, Fayer R. 2007. Emerging Food- and Waterborne Protozoan Diseases, p 283-308. In Scheld W, Hooper D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 7. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815585.ch15
/content/10.1128/9781555815585.ch15.ch15tab03
Table 3.
Cryptosporidiosis: food-borne outbreaks
Generic image for table
Table 3.

Cryptosporidiosis: food-borne outbreaks

Citation: Arrowood M, Xiao L, Ortega Y, Fayer R. 2007. Emerging Food- and Waterborne Protozoan Diseases, p 283-308. In Scheld W, Hooper D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 7. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815585.ch15
/content/10.1128/9781555815585.ch15.ch15tab04
Table 4.
Cyclosporiasis: food-borne and waterborne outbreaks
Generic image for table
Table 4.

Cyclosporiasis: food-borne and waterborne outbreaks

Citation: Arrowood M, Xiao L, Ortega Y, Fayer R. 2007. Emerging Food- and Waterborne Protozoan Diseases, p 283-308. In Scheld W, Hooper D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 7. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815585.ch15

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