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Chapter 9 : Hendra and Nipah Viruses: Lethal Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses

Authors: Kimberly A. Bishop1, Christopher C. Broder2
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Affiliations: 1: Naval Medical Research Center, Biodefense Research Directorate Annex, Rock-ville, MD 20852; 2: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2008

Category: Clinical Microbiology

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Abstract:

An emerging or reemerging infectious disease is one which either has newly appeared in a population or, although previously recognized, has increased in incidence and/or expanded its known geographic range. Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are novel, zoonotic paramyxoviruses, and are biosecurity level 4 (BSL-4) restricted. This chapter focuses on Henipavirus biology. The HeV and NiV membrane-anchored envelope glycoproteins are the mediators of virus attachment and infection of susceptible host cells and major determinants of host cell tropism. The pathology caused by both HeV and NiV in horses is of greater severity than that caused by NiV in pigs. During the initial NiV outbreak in Malaysia, some patients were treated with ribavirin, and there was some evidence that this therapy may have been clinically beneficial. For the henipaviruses, the development of vaccines or therapeutics has largely focused on targeting virus attachment and infection. A major advance in furthering the development of specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) has been through the implementation of the bacterial phage display platform with combinatorial antibody libraries. The development of potential livestock vaccines against henipaviruses may also be desirable, and recently, a recombinant canarypox-based vaccine candidate for swine has been examined. In light of the highly pathogenic natures of HeV and NiV, the development of recombinant subunit immunogens would also represent a viable approach for vaccine development because they are inherently safe and are administered without risk of infection.

Citation: Bishop K, Broder C. 2008. Hendra and Nipah Viruses: Lethal Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses, p 155-187. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch9

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Hendra and Nipah Viruses: Lethal Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses
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Citation: Bishop K, Broder C. 2008. Hendra and Nipah Viruses: Lethal Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses, p 155-187. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555815592.ch09.ch09fig01
Figure 1.
Modes of henipavirus transmission. ( ) Maintenance of HeV and NiV in pteropid bat populations ( ). ( ) Transmission of NiV to pigs from bats, potentially through urine, uterine fluids, or saliva in partially masticated fruit. ( ) Transmission of NiV from pig to pig and from pigs to humans in close contact with them, such as farmers in the initial NiV outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore ( ). ( ) Transmission of HeV from bats to horses through a similar route(s) as to pigs. ( ) Transmission of HeV from horses to humans in close contact with them, such as veterinarians, through contaminated bodily fluids or respiratory secretions ( ). ( ) Transmission of NiV to humans through contaminated food or drink, such as date palm juice ( ). ( ) Transmission of NiV from person to person, presumably from close contact exposure involving respiratory secretions, as in the recent Bangladeshi outbreaks ( ). Key references are noted and are not intended to be exhaustive.
10.1128/9781555815592/ch9fig1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815592/ch9fig1.gif
Image of Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Modes of henipavirus transmission. ( ) Maintenance of HeV and NiV in pteropid bat populations ( ). ( ) Transmission of NiV to pigs from bats, potentially through urine, uterine fluids, or saliva in partially masticated fruit. ( ) Transmission of NiV from pig to pig and from pigs to humans in close contact with them, such as farmers in the initial NiV outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore ( ). ( ) Transmission of HeV from bats to horses through a similar route(s) as to pigs. ( ) Transmission of HeV from horses to humans in close contact with them, such as veterinarians, through contaminated bodily fluids or respiratory secretions ( ). ( ) Transmission of NiV to humans through contaminated food or drink, such as date palm juice ( ). ( ) Transmission of NiV from person to person, presumably from close contact exposure involving respiratory secretions, as in the recent Bangladeshi outbreaks ( ). Key references are noted and are not intended to be exhaustive.

Citation: Bishop K, Broder C. 2008. Hendra and Nipah Viruses: Lethal Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses, p 155-187. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch9
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Tables

Hendra and Nipah Viruses: Lethal Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses
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Citation: Bishop K, Broder C. 2008. Hendra and Nipah Viruses: Lethal Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses, p 155-187. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555815592.ch09.ch09tab01
Table 1.
Serological evidence of henipaviruses in bats
Generic image for table
Table 1.

Serological evidence of henipaviruses in bats

Citation: Bishop K, Broder C. 2008. Hendra and Nipah Viruses: Lethal Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses, p 155-187. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555815592.ch09.ch09tab02
Table 2.
Animal models of NiV and HeV infection and pathogenesis in comparison to human infection
Generic image for table
Table 2.

Animal models of NiV and HeV infection and pathogenesis in comparison to human infection

Citation: Bishop K, Broder C. 2008. Hendra and Nipah Viruses: Lethal Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses, p 155-187. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555815592.ch09.ch09tab03
Table 3.
Active immunization and passive antibody therapeutic strategies for NiV and HeV tested in animal models by virus challenge
Generic image for table
Table 3.

Active immunization and passive antibody therapeutic strategies for NiV and HeV tested in animal models by virus challenge

Citation: Bishop K, Broder C. 2008. Hendra and Nipah Viruses: Lethal Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses, p 155-187. In Scheld W, Hammer S, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 8. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815592.ch9

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