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Chapter 19 : Evolution of a Mating System Uniquely Dependent upon Switching and Pathogenesis in Candida albicans

Author: David R. Soll1
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Affiliations: 1: Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2008

Category: Fungi and Fungal Pathogenesis; Bacterial Pathogenesis

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Evolution of a Mating System Uniquely Dependent upon Switching and Pathogenesis in Candida albicans, Page 1 of 2

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Abstract:

In 1999, researchers identified in the emerging Candida albicans genome the mating-type locus, and one year later two reports documented cell type-dependent mating. With these discoveries, C. albicans had become a sexual organism, but the sequence of discoveries did not stop there. If switching and the mating process proved to play important roles in biofilm formation and pathogenesis, then there could exist strong selection pressure to maintain them. To test biofilm hypothesis, researchers collected spontaneous mating type-like (MTL)-homozygous offspring from natural a/α strains that exhibited high frequencies of MTL-homozygosis and compared virulence of offspring and parent strains in the murine model for systemic infection in two ways. First, they simply followed the survival curves of outbred mice injected individually with each strain. Second, they coinjected parent and offspring with equal numbers of parent and offspring, and at the time of death or extreme morbidity quantitated the concentration of the two strains in the kidney. In the great majority of cases, the parent was more virulent than the offspring in both tests, supporting their hypothesis for a/α maintenance. The intricate relationships between switching, mating, and pathogenesis in C. albicans have therefore provided not only explanations for some of the unique characteristics of each of the component processes, but insights as well into how the basic biology of an organism is manipulated in the evolution of hostpathogen interactions.

Citation: Soll D. 2008. Evolution of a Mating System Uniquely Dependent upon Switching and Pathogenesis in Candida albicans, p 213-220. In Baquero F, Nombela C, Cassell G, Gutiérrez-Fuentes J (ed), Evolutionary Biology of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815639.ch19
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Evolution of a Mating System Uniquely Dependent upon Switching and Pathogenesis in Candida albicans
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Citation: Soll D. 2008. Evolution of a Mating System Uniquely Dependent upon Switching and Pathogenesis in Candida albicans, p 213-220. In Baquero F, Nombela C, Cassell G, Gutiérrez-Fuentes J (ed), Evolutionary Biology of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815639.ch19
/content/10.1128/9781555815639.ch19.ch19fig01
Figure 1.
A comparison of mating between S. cerevisiae and C. albicans. (A) The mating locus of S. cerevisiae. (B) The cassette system in haploid S. cerevisiae a and α cells and mating type switching. (C) The mating process of S. cerevisiae. (D) The mating type locus of C. albicans. (E) The mating process of C. albicans. Arrows in panels A and D denote direction of transcription. The components encapsulated by dashed lines denote characteristics unique to the respective switching systems.
10.1128/9781555815639/f0214-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815639/f0214-01.gif
Image of Figure 1.
Figure 1.

A comparison of mating between S. cerevisiae and C. albicans. (A) The mating locus of S. cerevisiae. (B) The cassette system in haploid S. cerevisiae a and α cells and mating type switching. (C) The mating process of S. cerevisiae. (D) The mating type locus of C. albicans. (E) The mating process of C. albicans. Arrows in panels A and D denote direction of transcription. The components encapsulated by dashed lines denote characteristics unique to the respective switching systems.

Citation: Soll D. 2008. Evolution of a Mating System Uniquely Dependent upon Switching and Pathogenesis in Candida albicans, p 213-220. In Baquero F, Nombela C, Cassell G, Gutiérrez-Fuentes J (ed), Evolutionary Biology of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815639.ch19
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/content/10.1128/9781555815639.ch19.ch19fig02
Figure 2.
The sequence of landmark events related to mating in the evolution of the hemiascomycetes. Derived from Fig. 4 of Butler et al. (2004) and Fig. 6 of Tsong et al. (2003), with the addition of either the loss or gain of white-opaque switching.
10.1128/9781555815639/f0216-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815639/f0216-01.gif
Image of Figure 2.
Figure 2.

The sequence of landmark events related to mating in the evolution of the hemiascomycetes. Derived from Fig. 4 of Butler et al. (2004) and Fig. 6 of Tsong et al. (2003), with the addition of either the loss or gain of white-opaque switching.

Citation: Soll D. 2008. Evolution of a Mating System Uniquely Dependent upon Switching and Pathogenesis in Candida albicans, p 213-220. In Baquero F, Nombela C, Cassell G, Gutiérrez-Fuentes J (ed), Evolutionary Biology of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815639.ch19
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/content/10.1128/9781555815639.ch19.ch19fig03
Figure 3.
The hypothesis proposed by Daniels et al. (2006) that opaque cells signal white cells to form a white cell biofilm that facilitates mating between opaque cells. The thin arrows in panel B represent rare switches to opaque. The thick, tapered arrows in panels D and E represent the release of pheromone. The arrowheads in panels F, G, and H represent pheromone gradients. The haziness in panels D through I represent 3-D development of the multicellular biofilm.
10.1128/9781555815639/f0217-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815639/f0217-01.gif
Image of Figure 3.
Figure 3.

The hypothesis proposed by Daniels et al. (2006) that opaque cells signal white cells to form a white cell biofilm that facilitates mating between opaque cells. The thin arrows in panel B represent rare switches to opaque. The thick, tapered arrows in panels D and E represent the release of pheromone. The arrowheads in panels F, G, and H represent pheromone gradients. The haziness in panels D through I represent 3-D development of the multicellular biofilm.

Citation: Soll D. 2008. Evolution of a Mating System Uniquely Dependent upon Switching and Pathogenesis in Candida albicans, p 213-220. In Baquero F, Nombela C, Cassell G, Gutiérrez-Fuentes J (ed), Evolutionary Biology of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815639.ch19
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References

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