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Chapter 37 : Evolution of Helicobacter and Helicobacter Infections

Authors: Maria G. Domínguez-Bello1, Martin J. Blaser2
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Affiliations: 1: Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931; 2: Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2008

Category: Fungi and Fungal Pathogenesis; Bacterial Pathogenesis

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Abstract:

Skin, ears, eyes, vagina, mouth, and gastrointestinal mucosa are colonized with diverse microbial communities of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. We know little about these colonizers and even less about the indigenous viruses and their ecologic role in microbial communities. Mechanisms that may permit lactic acid bacteria to reduce intestinal infections include lowering the gut pH to inhibit competing pathogens, secretion of natural antibiotics (e.g., lactobacilli and bifidobacteria species), improved immune stimulation, and blocking of adhesion sites in the gut needed by the pathogens. Competition for resources in the face of host responses, population density, and strain dominance surely affect the evolution of Helicobacter pylori as well as the downstream risks of disease. Host physiology allows higher density and more diverse colonization in some parts of the body than in others. A list of Helicobacter species isolated from animals and humans is provided in this chapter. H. pylori has numerous strain-specific restriction-modification (RM) systems that vary in activity and are regulated by mutation and recombination. A list of restriction endonucleases isolated from three H. pylori strains is also provided in the chapter. Transformation and mutation are important sources of variation of H. pylori to provide genetic substrate to respond to selection forces. In total, through endogenous mutation and horizontal gene transfer H. pylori is capable of maintaining great variability that confers the ability to colonize numerous different gastric niches and to survive gastric changes.

Citation: Domínguez-Bello M, Blaser M. 2008. Evolution of Helicobacter and Helicobacter Infections, p 445-454. In Baquero F, Nombela C, Cassell G, Gutiérrez-Fuentes J (ed), Evolutionary Biology of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815639.ch37
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Evolution of Helicobacter and Helicobacter Infections
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Citation: Domínguez-Bello M, Blaser M. 2008. Evolution of Helicobacter and Helicobacter Infections, p 445-454. In Baquero F, Nombela C, Cassell G, Gutiérrez-Fuentes J (ed), Evolutionary Biology of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815639.ch37
/content/10.1128/9781555815639.ch37.ch37fig01
Figure 1.
Ages of life on Earth.
10.1128/9781555815639/f0446-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815639/f0446-01.gif
Image of Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Ages of life on Earth.

Citation: Domínguez-Bello M, Blaser M. 2008. Evolution of Helicobacter and Helicobacter Infections, p 445-454. In Baquero F, Nombela C, Cassell G, Gutiérrez-Fuentes J (ed), Evolutionary Biology of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815639.ch37
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/content/10.1128/9781555815639.ch37.ch37fig02
Figure 2.
Schematic representation of host resource utilization by H. pylori populations.
10.1128/9781555815639/f0449-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815639/f0449-01.gif
Image of Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Schematic representation of host resource utilization by H. pylori populations.

Citation: Domínguez-Bello M, Blaser M. 2008. Evolution of Helicobacter and Helicobacter Infections, p 445-454. In Baquero F, Nombela C, Cassell G, Gutiérrez-Fuentes J (ed), Evolutionary Biology of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815639.ch37
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Figure 3.
Biphasic interaction of a coevolved symbiont microbe and its host. In the postproductive period symbiosis involves the microbial-induced demise of the host. Although deleterious for the individual, it is beneficial for the group.
10.1128/9781555815639/f0451-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815639/f0451-01.gif
Image of Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Biphasic interaction of a coevolved symbiont microbe and its host. In the postproductive period symbiosis involves the microbial-induced demise of the host. Although deleterious for the individual, it is beneficial for the group.

Citation: Domínguez-Bello M, Blaser M. 2008. Evolution of Helicobacter and Helicobacter Infections, p 445-454. In Baquero F, Nombela C, Cassell G, Gutiérrez-Fuentes J (ed), Evolutionary Biology of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815639.ch37
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Tables

Evolution of Helicobacter and Helicobacter Infections
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Citation: Domínguez-Bello M, Blaser M. 2008. Evolution of Helicobacter and Helicobacter Infections, p 445-454. In Baquero F, Nombela C, Cassell G, Gutiérrez-Fuentes J (ed), Evolutionary Biology of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815639.ch37
/content/10.1128/9781555815639.ch37.ch37tab01
Table 1.
Helicobacter species isolated from animals and humans
Generic image for table
Table 1.

Helicobacter species isolated from animals and humans

Citation: Domínguez-Bello M, Blaser M. 2008. Evolution of Helicobacter and Helicobacter Infections, p 445-454. In Baquero F, Nombela C, Cassell G, Gutiérrez-Fuentes J (ed), Evolutionary Biology of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815639.ch37
/content/10.1128/9781555815639.ch37.ch37tab02
Table 2.
Restriction endonucleases isolated from three H. pylori strains a
Generic image for table
Table 2.

Restriction endonucleases isolated from three H. pylori strains a

Citation: Domínguez-Bello M, Blaser M. 2008. Evolution of Helicobacter and Helicobacter Infections, p 445-454. In Baquero F, Nombela C, Cassell G, Gutiérrez-Fuentes J (ed), Evolutionary Biology of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815639.ch37

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