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Chapter 12 : Isolation, Cultivation, and Diversity of Deep-Sea Piezophiles
Authors:
Chiaki Kato1,
Yuichi Nogi2,
Shizuka Arakawa3
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Affiliations:
1: Extremobiosphere Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan;
2: Extremobiosphere Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan;
3: Extremobiosphere Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2008
Category: Applied and Industrial Microbiology
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555815646
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555815646.ch12
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Abstract:
This chapter focuses on the isolation, taxonomy, and diversity of piezophilic microorganisms and their habitats. Based upon several studies the authors have indicated that cultivated psychrophilic and piezophilic deep-sea bacteria could be affiliated with one of five genera within the Gammaproteobacteria subgroup: Shewanella, Photobacterium, Colwellia, Moritella, and Psychromonas, which was formally classified as ‘’an unidentified genus’’. The chapter describes taxonomic features of the piezophilic genera. For handling piezophiles for further study, JAMSTEC developed a deep-sea baropiezophile and thermophile isolation and cultivation system, referred to as the DEEPBATH system. The DEEPBATH system consists of four separate devices: (1) a pressure-retaining sampling device, (2) a dilution device under pressure conditions, (3) an isolation device, and (4) a cultivation device. From the analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences after cultivation at 65 MPa, two groups of the bacterial genera Shewanella and Moritella were identified. The authors have analyzed the microbial community structures by the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism for the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and determined that the community is drastically changed at different pressure conditions of cultivation using the DEEPBATH system. Piezophiles are characterized by high levels of unsaturated fatty acids in their cell membrane layers, but long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) like EPA and DHA are not necessarily required for high-pressure growth. The diversity of piezophilic bacteria is closely linked with the global deep-sea ocean circulation, but some of the closed oceans, like the Japan Sea, also contain piezophilic bacteria taxonomically similar to deep-sea microbes in the open oceans.
Citation:
Kato C, Nogi Y, Arakawa S.
2008.
Isolation, Cultivation, and Diversity of Deep-Sea Piezophiles,
p 203-217.
In
Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed),
High-Pressure Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch12
Figures
Isolation, Cultivation, and Diversity of Deep-Sea Piezophiles
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Citation:
Kato C, Nogi Y, Arakawa S.
2008.
Isolation, Cultivation, and Diversity of Deep-Sea Piezophiles,
p 203-217.
In
Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed),
High-Pressure Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch12
/content/10.1128/9781555815646.ch12.ch12fig01
Figure 1.
Characterization of piezophilic growth properties.
10.1128/9781555815646/f0204-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815646/f0204-01.gif
Figure 1.
Characterization of piezophilic growth properties.
Citation:
Kato C, Nogi Y, Arakawa S.
2008.
Isolation, Cultivation, and Diversity of Deep-Sea Piezophiles,
p 203-217.
In
Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed),
High-Pressure Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch12
/content/10.1128/9781555815646.ch12.ch12fig02
Figure 2.
Phylogenetic tree showing the relationships between isolated deep-sea piezophilic bacteria (in bold) within the Gammaproteobacteria subgroup determined by comparing 16S rRNA gene sequences using the neighbor-joining method (references for species description are indicated in the text). The scale represents the average number of nucleotide substitutions per site. Bootstrap values (percent) are shown for frequencies above the threshold of 50%.
10.1128/9781555815646/f0205-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815646/f0205-01.gif
Figure 2.
Phylogenetic tree showing the relationships between isolated deep-sea piezophilic bacteria (in bold) within the Gammaproteobacteria subgroup determined by comparing 16S rRNA gene sequences using the neighbor-joining method (references for species description are indicated in the text). The scale represents the average number of nucleotide substitutions per site. Bootstrap values (percent) are shown for frequencies above the threshold of 50%.
Citation:
Kato C, Nogi Y, Arakawa S.
2008.
Isolation, Cultivation, and Diversity of Deep-Sea Piezophiles,
p 203-217.
In
Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed),
High-Pressure Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch12
/content/10.1128/9781555815646.ch12.ch12fig03
Figure 3.
The DEEPBATH system. The system is composed of four devices: (1) a pressure-retaining sampling device, (2) a dilution device under pressure conditions, (3) an isolation device, and (4) a cultivation device. The system is controlled by the monitoring and control console.
10.1128/9781555815646/f0209-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815646/f0209-01.gif
Figure 3.
The DEEPBATH system. The system is composed of four devices: (1) a pressure-retaining sampling device, (2) a dilution device under pressure conditions, (3) an isolation device, and (4) a cultivation device. The system is controlled by the monitoring and control console.
Citation:
Kato C, Nogi Y, Arakawa S.
2008.
Isolation, Cultivation, and Diversity of Deep-Sea Piezophiles,
p 203-217.
In
Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed),
High-Pressure Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch12
/content/10.1128/9781555815646.ch12.ch12fig04
Figure 4.
Changes in major fatty acid profiles during five consecutive high-pressure cultivations (65 MPa) of deep-sea sediment samples using the DEEPBATH system.
10.1128/9781555815646/f0210-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815646/f0210-01.gif
Figure 4.
Changes in major fatty acid profiles during five consecutive high-pressure cultivations (65 MPa) of deep-sea sediment samples using the DEEPBATH system.
Citation:
Kato C, Nogi Y, Arakawa S.
2008.
Isolation, Cultivation, and Diversity of Deep-Sea Piezophiles,
p 203-217.
In
Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed),
High-Pressure Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch12
/content/10.1128/9781555815646.ch12.ch12fig05
Figure 5.
Phylogenetic tree showing the relationships of the Shewanella species within the Gammaproteobacteria subgroup constructed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences with the neighbor-joining method. The scale represents the average number of nucleotide substitutions per site. Bootstrap values (percent) were calculated from 1,000 trees. Psychrophilic and/or piezophilic bacteria are shown in bold.
10.1128/9781555815646/f0211-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815646/f0211-01.gif
Figure 5.
Phylogenetic tree showing the relationships of the Shewanella species within the Gammaproteobacteria subgroup constructed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences with the neighbor-joining method. The scale represents the average number of nucleotide substitutions per site. Bootstrap values (percent) were calculated from 1,000 trees. Psychrophilic and/or piezophilic bacteria are shown in bold.
Citation:
Kato C, Nogi Y, Arakawa S.
2008.
Isolation, Cultivation, and Diversity of Deep-Sea Piezophiles,
p 203-217.
In
Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed),
High-Pressure Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch12
/content/10.1128/9781555815646.ch12.ch12fig06
Figure 6.
The deep ocean circulation (data from reference
44
). The Japan Sea, a closed ocean, is indicated by the star.
10.1128/9781555815646/f0212-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815646/f0212-01.gif
Figure 6.
The deep ocean circulation (data from reference 44 ). The Japan Sea, a closed ocean, is indicated by the star.
Citation:
Kato C, Nogi Y, Arakawa S.
2008.
Isolation, Cultivation, and Diversity of Deep-Sea Piezophiles,
p 203-217.
In
Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed),
High-Pressure Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch12
/content/10.1128/9781555815646.ch12.ch12fig07
Figure 7.
Growth profiles of the isolated bacteria from the Japan Sea sediment under different pressure conditions.
10.1128/9781555815646/f0214-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815646/f0214-01.gif
Figure 7.
Growth profiles of the isolated bacteria from the Japan Sea sediment under different pressure conditions.
Citation:
Kato C, Nogi Y, Arakawa S.
2008.
Isolation, Cultivation, and Diversity of Deep-Sea Piezophiles,
p 203-217.
In
Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed),
High-Pressure Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch12
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Tables
Isolation, Cultivation, and Diversity of Deep-Sea Piezophiles
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Citation:
Kato C, Nogi Y, Arakawa S.
2008.
Isolation, Cultivation, and Diversity of Deep-Sea Piezophiles,
p 203-217.
In
Michiels C, Bartlett D, Aersten A (ed),
High-Pressure Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815646.ch12
/content/10.1128/9781555815646.ch12.ch12tab01
Table 1.
Whole-cell fatty acid composition of piezophilic isolates (type strains)
a
Table 1.
Whole-cell fatty acid composition of piezophilic isolates (type strains) a
Citation:
Kato C, Nogi Y, Arakawa S.
2008.
Isolation, Cultivation, and Diversity of Deep-Sea Piezophiles,
p 203-217.
In
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