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20 Bdellovibrio: Lone Hunter “Cousin” of the “Pack Hunting” Myxobacteria
Authors:
K. J. Evans1,
L. Hobley2,
C. Lambert3,
R. E. Sockett4
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Affiliations:
1: Institute of Genetics, School of Biology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom;
2: Institute of Genetics, School of Biology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom;
3: Institute of Genetics, School of Biology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom;
4: Institute of Genetics, School of Biology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2008
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555815677
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555815677.ch20
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Abstract:
This chapter describes about the isolation of Bdellovibrio and myxobacteria from similar soil environments, and the employment of an arsenal of hydrolytic enzymes to kill and digest other bacteria to provide for their own growth and division. It concentrates on the ecology and motility systems of Bdellovibrio, followed by an overview of the hydrolytic enzymes used in prey digestion. It is clear that the nonobligately symbiotic or parasitic, predatory bacteria like Bdellovibrio and Myxobacteria have large genomes akin to those of heterotrophs; thus, determining whether transfer of predatory gene islands is responsible for apparently quite diverse bacteria adapting to fit certain predatory niches is not trivial and can ultimately be answered only by full comparative analysis of multiple predatory genomes, although there is little evidence of recent horizontal gene transfer in the Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 genome. Gliding motility genes are implicated in myxococcal motility, but these systems seem to be not present in Bdellovibrio, or they were made redundant so long ago that the genes involved are no longer recognizable as such. Homology searches found no significant homologues of Myxococcus genes involved in gliding. Bdellovibrio preys upon only gram-negative bacteria, albeit a wide range of these, as it penetrates the outer layers and enters the periplasmic space of its prey. By far the largest group of hydrolases in both bacteria is proteases; this probably reflects the importance to predatory bacteria in breaking down prey proteins for uptake and consumption by the predator.
Citation:
Evans K, Hobley L, Lambert C, Sockett R.
2008.
20 Bdellovibrio: Lone Hunter “Cousin” of the “Pack Hunting” Myxobacteria,
p 351-362.
In
Whitworth D (ed),
Myxobacteria.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815677.ch20
Figures
20 Bdellovibrio: Lone Hunter “Cousin” of the “Pack Hunting” Myxobacteria
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Citation:
Evans K, Hobley L, Lambert C, Sockett R.
2008.
20 Bdellovibrio: Lone Hunter “Cousin” of the “Pack Hunting” Myxobacteria,
p 351-362.
In
Whitworth D (ed),
Myxobacteria.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815677.ch20
/content/10.1128/9781555815677.ch20.ch20fig01
Figure 1
The predatory life cycle and host-independent growth phases of Bdellovibrio.
10.1128/9781555815677/f0352-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815677/f0352-01.gif
Figure 1
The predatory life cycle and host-independent growth phases of Bdellovibrio.
Citation:
Evans K, Hobley L, Lambert C, Sockett R.
2008.
20 Bdellovibrio: Lone Hunter “Cousin” of the “Pack Hunting” Myxobacteria,
p 351-362.
In
Whitworth D (ed),
Myxobacteria.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815677.ch20
/content/10.1128/9781555815677.ch20.ch20fig02
Figure 2
Transmission electron micrographs of B. bacteriovorus attaching to E. coli DFB225 prey (A) and B. bacteriovorus forming a bdelloplast and preying upon E. coli DFB225 (B). Bars, 1 μm. Both stained with 1% phosphotungstic acid (pH7).
10.1128/9781555815677/f0352-02_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815677/f0352-02.gif
Figure 2
Transmission electron micrographs of B. bacteriovorus attaching to E. coli DFB225 prey (A) and B. bacteriovorus forming a bdelloplast and preying upon E. coli DFB225 (B). Bars, 1 μm. Both stained with 1% phosphotungstic acid (pH7).
Citation:
Evans K, Hobley L, Lambert C, Sockett R.
2008.
20 Bdellovibrio: Lone Hunter “Cousin” of the “Pack Hunting” Myxobacteria,
p 351-362.
In
Whitworth D (ed),
Myxobacteria.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815677.ch20
/content/10.1128/9781555815677.ch20.ch20fig03
Figure 3
Ecological, genomic, and phylogenetic relationships between the type strains of Bdellovibrio and the myxobacteria.
10.1128/9781555815677/f0353-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815677/f0353-01.gif
Figure 3
Ecological, genomic, and phylogenetic relationships between the type strains of Bdellovibrio and the myxobacteria.
Citation:
Evans K, Hobley L, Lambert C, Sockett R.
2008.
20 Bdellovibrio: Lone Hunter “Cousin” of the “Pack Hunting” Myxobacteria,
p 351-362.
In
Whitworth D (ed),
Myxobacteria.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815677.ch20
/content/10.1128/9781555815677.ch20.ch20fig04
Figure 4
Comparison of the operon structure of pil genes in Myxococcus and Bdellovibrio. (A) Organization of Myxococcus pil genes, taken from
Wall and Kaiser, 1999
. (B) pil genes are scattered around the Bdellovibrio genome, but a Myxococcus-like, possibly ancestral, organization can be seen with the gene order being conserved. The starred annotated pilT within the operon is a good homologue, but Bd3852 on the left is a better homologue, suggesting a duplication event. Bdellovibrio does not have significant homologues of pilR2/S2.
10.1128/9781555815677/f0357-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815677/f0357-01.gif
Figure 4
Comparison of the operon structure of pil genes in Myxococcus and Bdellovibrio. (A) Organization of Myxococcus pil genes, taken from Wall and Kaiser, 1999 . (B) pil genes are scattered around the Bdellovibrio genome, but a Myxococcus-like, possibly ancestral, organization can be seen with the gene order being conserved. The starred annotated pilT within the operon is a good homologue, but Bd3852 on the left is a better homologue, suggesting a duplication event. Bdellovibrio does not have significant homologues of pilR2/S2.
Citation:
Evans K, Hobley L, Lambert C, Sockett R.
2008.
20 Bdellovibrio: Lone Hunter “Cousin” of the “Pack Hunting” Myxobacteria,
p 351-362.
In
Whitworth D (ed),
Myxobacteria.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815677.ch20
/content/10.1128/9781555815677.ch20.ch20fig05
Figure 5
Comparison (not to scale) of motility systems in Bdellovibrio (A) and myxobacterial (B) cells. The cytoplasm is shown in white and the periplasm in gray in each. EPS, extracellular polysaccharide.
10.1128/9781555815677/f0358-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815677/f0358-01.gif
Figure 5
Comparison (not to scale) of motility systems in Bdellovibrio (A) and myxobacterial (B) cells. The cytoplasm is shown in white and the periplasm in gray in each. EPS, extracellular polysaccharide.
Citation:
Evans K, Hobley L, Lambert C, Sockett R.
2008.
20 Bdellovibrio: Lone Hunter “Cousin” of the “Pack Hunting” Myxobacteria,
p 351-362.
In
Whitworth D (ed),
Myxobacteria.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815677.ch20
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Tables
20 Bdellovibrio: Lone Hunter “Cousin” of the “Pack Hunting” Myxobacteria
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Citation:
Evans K, Hobley L, Lambert C, Sockett R.
2008.
20 Bdellovibrio: Lone Hunter “Cousin” of the “Pack Hunting” Myxobacteria,
p 351-362.
In
Whitworth D (ed),
Myxobacteria.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815677.ch20
/content/10.1128/9781555815677.ch20.ch20tab01
Table 1
Pilus genes found in Myxococcus compared to the Bdellovibrio genome, using reciprocal homology searches and protein level alignment to determine appropriate homologues
Table 1
Pilus genes found in Myxococcus compared to the Bdellovibrio genome, using reciprocal homology searches and protein level alignment to determine appropriate homologues
Citation:
Evans K, Hobley L, Lambert C, Sockett R.
2008.
20 Bdellovibrio: Lone Hunter “Cousin” of the “Pack Hunting” Myxobacteria,
p 351-362.
In
Whitworth D (ed),
Myxobacteria.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815677.ch20
/content/10.1128/9781555815677.ch20.ch20tab02
Table 2
Predicted location and classes of Myxococcus and Bdellovibrio proteases
a
Table 2
Predicted location and classes of Myxococcus and Bdellovibrio proteases a
Citation:
Evans K, Hobley L, Lambert C, Sockett R.
2008.
20 Bdellovibrio: Lone Hunter “Cousin” of the “Pack Hunting” Myxobacteria,
p 351-362.
In
Whitworth D (ed),
Myxobacteria.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815677.ch20