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Chapter 31 : Women and Neuro-AIDS Conditions in the Era of HAART
Authors:
Gabriele Arendt1,
Y. Jaeger2,
TH. Nolting3
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Affiliations:
1: Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Duesseldorf (UKD), D-40001 Duesseldorf, Germany;
2: Department of Surgery, Presbyterian Hospital of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany;
3: Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Duesseldorf (UKD), D-40001 Duesseldorf, Germany
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2009
Category: Viruses and Viral Pathogenesis
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555815691
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555815691.ch31
MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.
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Abstract:
Generally, HIV-1-positive women start highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) more rarely and later than men. HIV can affect the central and peripheral nervous system directly, provoking neurological signs and symptoms, and indirectly by causing immunodeficiency and thus susceptibility to infections with opportunistic infectious bodies. The incidence of HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) has declined in the era of HAART, but in 2002, prevalence rates began to rise again due to the longer survival time of HIV-1-positive patients. On the whole, studies of neuro-AIDS conditions in women and how they possibly differ from men are scarce. There have been two studies analyzing the effect of HAART on neurocognitive performance in HIV-1-positive women. However, it is interesting that there are large cohort studies that analyze neurological disorders in homosexual and bisexual men, but even large studies like the Women's Interagency HIV Study do not automatically examine neuro-AIDS conditions but leave them to surprisingly small substudies. The HIV-1/AIDS-associated neurological manifestations increase with more intensive use of HAART and longer survival of affected people, including women. Thus, it is mandatory to gather more details on women developing neurological complications due to the virus itself or to HAART. The chapter talks about sex- and gender-specific data analysis in a German cohort of women living with HIV/AIDS.
Citation:
Arendt G, Jaeger Y, Nolting T.
2009.
Women and Neuro-AIDS Conditions in the Era of HAART,
p 443-454.
In
Goodkin K, Shapshak P, Verma A (ed),
The Spectrum of Neuro-AIDS Disorders.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815691.ch31
Figures
Women and Neuro-AIDS Conditions in the Era of HAART
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Citation:
Arendt G, Jaeger Y, Nolting T.
2009.
Women and Neuro-AIDS Conditions in the Era of HAART,
p 443-454.
In
Goodkin K, Shapshak P, Verma A (ed),
The Spectrum of Neuro-AIDS Disorders.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815691.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555815691.ch31.ch31fig01
FIGURE 1
Percentages of HIV-1-positive females (squares) and males (circles) with HAD 2 to 10 yrs after diagnosis of HIV-1 positivity.
10.1128/9781555815691/ch31fig1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815691/ch31fig1.gif
FIGURE 1
Percentages of HIV-1-positive females (squares) and males (circles) with HAD 2 to 10 yrs after diagnosis of HIV-1 positivity.
Citation:
Arendt G, Jaeger Y, Nolting T.
2009.
Women and Neuro-AIDS Conditions in the Era of HAART,
p 443-454.
In
Goodkin K, Shapshak P, Verma A (ed),
The Spectrum of Neuro-AIDS Disorders.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815691.ch31
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Tables
Women and Neuro-AIDS Conditions in the Era of HAART
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Citation:
Arendt G, Jaeger Y, Nolting T.
2009.
Women and Neuro-AIDS Conditions in the Era of HAART,
p 443-454.
In
Goodkin K, Shapshak P, Verma A (ed),
The Spectrum of Neuro-AIDS Disorders.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815691.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555815691.ch31.ch31tab01
TABLE 1
Mean age of HIV-1-positive cohort at diagnosis
TABLE 1
Mean age of HIV-1-positive cohort at diagnosis
Citation:
Arendt G, Jaeger Y, Nolting T.
2009.
Women and Neuro-AIDS Conditions in the Era of HAART,
p 443-454.
In
Goodkin K, Shapshak P, Verma A (ed),
The Spectrum of Neuro-AIDS Disorders.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815691.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555815691.ch31.ch31tab02
TABLE 2
Mean duration of HIV-1 positivity with respect to risk groups
TABLE 2
Mean duration of HIV-1 positivity with respect to risk groups
Citation:
Arendt G, Jaeger Y, Nolting T.
2009.
Women and Neuro-AIDS Conditions in the Era of HAART,
p 443-454.
In
Goodkin K, Shapshak P, Verma A (ed),
The Spectrum of Neuro-AIDS Disorders.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815691.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555815691.ch31.ch31tab03
TABLE 3
Death rate over 14 years
TABLE 3
Death rate over 14 years
Citation:
Arendt G, Jaeger Y, Nolting T.
2009.
Women and Neuro-AIDS Conditions in the Era of HAART,
p 443-454.
In
Goodkin K, Shapshak P, Verma A (ed),
The Spectrum of Neuro-AIDS Disorders.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815691.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555815691.ch31.ch31tab04
TABLE 4
Age at death
TABLE 4
Age at death
Citation:
Arendt G, Jaeger Y, Nolting T.
2009.
Women and Neuro-AIDS Conditions in the Era of HAART,
p 443-454.
In
Goodkin K, Shapshak P, Verma A (ed),
The Spectrum of Neuro-AIDS Disorders.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815691.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555815691.ch31.ch31tab05
TABLE 5
Rates of AIDS and neuro-AIDS in HIV-1-positive cohort
TABLE 5
Rates of AIDS and neuro-AIDS in HIV-1-positive cohort
Citation:
Arendt G, Jaeger Y, Nolting T.
2009.
Women and Neuro-AIDS Conditions in the Era of HAART,
p 443-454.
In
Goodkin K, Shapshak P, Verma A (ed),
The Spectrum of Neuro-AIDS Disorders.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815691.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555815691.ch31.ch31tab06
TABLE 6
CDC stages at first examination
a
TABLE 6
CDC stages at first examination a
Citation:
Arendt G, Jaeger Y, Nolting T.
2009.
Women and Neuro-AIDS Conditions in the Era of HAART,
p 443-454.
In
Goodkin K, Shapshak P, Verma A (ed),
The Spectrum of Neuro-AIDS Disorders.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815691.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555815691.ch31.ch31tab07
TABLE 7
Mean CD4+ values of migrant and the control groups
a
TABLE 7
Mean CD4+ values of migrant and the control groups a
Citation:
Arendt G, Jaeger Y, Nolting T.
2009.
Women and Neuro-AIDS Conditions in the Era of HAART,
p 443-454.
In
Goodkin K, Shapshak P, Verma A (ed),
The Spectrum of Neuro-AIDS Disorders.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815691.ch31
/content/10.1128/9781555815691.ch31.ch31tab08
TABLE 8
Numbers of patients with opportunistic infections in the immigrant and control groups
TABLE 8
Numbers of patients with opportunistic infections in the immigrant and control groups
Citation:
Arendt G, Jaeger Y, Nolting T.
2009.
Women and Neuro-AIDS Conditions in the Era of HAART,
p 443-454.
In
Goodkin K, Shapshak P, Verma A (ed),
The Spectrum of Neuro-AIDS Disorders.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815691.ch31