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Chapter 10 : Adaptive Responses of Vibrios

Authors: Diane McDougald1, Staffan Kjelleberg2
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Affiliations: 1: School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Marine Biofouling and Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; 2: School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Marine Biofouling and Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2006

Category: Environmental Microbiology

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Abstract:

This chapter discusses several aspects of adaptation that have been suggested to play a role in the survival of vibrios, in particular, starvation adaptation, the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) response, and biofilm formation. In addition, it talks about quorum sensing, which has been shown to control many phenotypes associated with survival under different conditions. The potential role for oxidative stress in the VBNC response is discussed. Bacteria have evolved complex mechanisms to deal with conditions that are routinely encountered in the natural environment. Such adaptive responses are characterized by changes in gene expression, physiology, and morphology. The potential for nonculturable cells to resuscitate, irrespective of whether the VBNC state is truly a protective strategy or is simply a consequence of stress leading to death, does have implications for the survival of vibrios in the natural environment. A section presents some of the current theories on factors driving the generation and resuscitation of nonculturable cells. The regulation of biofilm formation is complex, involving a range of physical and biological factors, the influences of which vary between species. The chapter provides a review of biofilm formation by spp., with a strong emphasis on , for which the most data are available. Biofilm formation on biotic surfaces has implications for the outbreak of disease.

Citation: McDougald D, Kjelleberg S. 2006. Adaptive Responses of Vibrios, p 133-155. In Thompson F, Austin B, Swings J (ed), The Biology of Vibrios. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815714.ch10

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Adaptive Responses of Vibrios
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Citation: McDougald D, Kjelleberg S. 2006. Adaptive Responses of Vibrios, p 133-155. In Thompson F, Austin B, Swings J (ed), The Biology of Vibrios. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815714.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555815714.ch10.ch10fig01
FIGURE 1
Model for the entry into and exit from carbon starvation in S14 (shaded rod and coccoid forms). Ovals represent regulators (i.e., RelA, SpoT, RpoE, RpoS). Rectangles denote signaling molecules (i.e., ppGpp, quorum-sensing auto-inducer molecules). Dotted lines refer to postulated regulators and pathways. Large shaded ovals depict Sti and Iup protein re-sponders. Overlap between Sti ovals indicates protein responders, which are induced by both SpoT and RelA. One hundred fifty-seven Stis and 18 Iups have been mapped by 2D-PAGE, and their respective rates of synthesis and modes of regulation have been characterized. mRNA (~~~) modification and stability during starvation are proposed to be modulated by RNase E (large oval), mRNA-binding protein(s) (small hatched oval), and polyadenylation (polyA tail). Triangles and circles on the bacterial cells represent low-and high-affinity uptake for glucose and amino acids, respectively.
10.1128/9781555815714/f0135-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815714/f0135-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Model for the entry into and exit from carbon starvation in S14 (shaded rod and coccoid forms). Ovals represent regulators (i.e., RelA, SpoT, RpoE, RpoS). Rectangles denote signaling molecules (i.e., ppGpp, quorum-sensing auto-inducer molecules). Dotted lines refer to postulated regulators and pathways. Large shaded ovals depict Sti and Iup protein re-sponders. Overlap between Sti ovals indicates protein responders, which are induced by both SpoT and RelA. One hundred fifty-seven Stis and 18 Iups have been mapped by 2D-PAGE, and their respective rates of synthesis and modes of regulation have been characterized. mRNA (~~~) modification and stability during starvation are proposed to be modulated by RNase E (large oval), mRNA-binding protein(s) (small hatched oval), and polyadenylation (polyA tail). Triangles and circles on the bacterial cells represent low-and high-affinity uptake for glucose and amino acids, respectively.

Citation: McDougald D, Kjelleberg S. 2006. Adaptive Responses of Vibrios, p 133-155. In Thompson F, Austin B, Swings J (ed), The Biology of Vibrios. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815714.ch10
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FIGURE 2
QS systems. Three systems regulate biofilm formation, virulence, and HA/protease production. Details of the signal transduction pathways are in the text.
10.1128/9781555815714/f0143-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815714/f0143-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

QS systems. Three systems regulate biofilm formation, virulence, and HA/protease production. Details of the signal transduction pathways are in the text.

Citation: McDougald D, Kjelleberg S. 2006. Adaptive Responses of Vibrios, p 133-155. In Thompson F, Austin B, Swings J (ed), The Biology of Vibrios. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815714.ch10
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FIGURE 3
Confocal laser scanning microscope images of biofilms of strains under nongrazed (top of each panel) and grazed (bottom of each panel) treatments. Biofilms were stained with Live/Dead viability probe, and images were taken using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Magnification, ×200. Scale bar, 50 μm.
10.1128/9781555815714/f0146-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815714/f0146-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

Confocal laser scanning microscope images of biofilms of strains under nongrazed (top of each panel) and grazed (bottom of each panel) treatments. Biofilms were stained with Live/Dead viability probe, and images were taken using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Magnification, ×200. Scale bar, 50 μm.

Citation: McDougald D, Kjelleberg S. 2006. Adaptive Responses of Vibrios, p 133-155. In Thompson F, Austin B, Swings J (ed), The Biology of Vibrios. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815714.ch10
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Tables

Adaptive Responses of Vibrios
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Citation: McDougald D, Kjelleberg S. 2006. Adaptive Responses of Vibrios, p 133-155. In Thompson F, Austin B, Swings J (ed), The Biology of Vibrios. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815714.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555815714.ch10.ch10tab01
TABLE 1
Quorum-sensing homologues in spp.; system components are grouped together
Generic image for table
TABLE 1

Quorum-sensing homologues in spp.; system components are grouped together

Citation: McDougald D, Kjelleberg S. 2006. Adaptive Responses of Vibrios, p 133-155. In Thompson F, Austin B, Swings J (ed), The Biology of Vibrios. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815714.ch10

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