Viral Evolution and Its Relevance for Food-Borne Virus Epidemiology

Esteban Domingo; Harry Vennema

doi:10.1128/9781555815738.ch6

Chapter 6 : Viral Evolution and Its Relevance for Food-Borne Virus Epidemiology

Authors: Esteban Domingo¹, Harry Vennema²

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Affiliations: 1: Centro de Biologfa Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; 2: Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands

Content Type: Monograph

Publication Year: 2008

Category: Applied and Industrial Microbiology; Food Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555815738

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555815738.ch6

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Abstract:

The adaptation of viruses to changing environments determines the types and numbers of viral particles present in any physical context, be it food or other, and hence the probability of encountering a susceptible host to cause disease. Genes encoding nonstructural proteins of viruses are generally more highly conserved than are genes encoding structural proteins such as capsid proteins of naked viruses and surface glycoproteins of enveloped viruses. Mutation is the most universal form of genetic variation of viruses. The mechanisms of genetic variation of viruses are blind processes that generate repertoires of variants which are then subjected to selection and random (chance) expansions in each particular environment in which virus replication takes place. In general, virus transmission by food or water should be considered a chance event; it should be regarded as a special case of fecal-oral transmission, with the virus being present in food or the environment for short or long periods. Transmission via food is an opportunity for an unlikely transmission event to occur relatively easily. Cross-species transmission is an event with strong selective pressure at the level of virus entry. Since virus entry involves protein rather than nucleic acid, the relevance of genetic variation is limited if it does not result in phenotypic variation. Contamination at the source occurs when irrigation water contains sewage or when filter-feeding bivalve mollusks grow in sewage-contaminated water.

Citation: Domingo E, Vennema H. 2008. Viral Evolution and Its Relevance for Food-Borne Virus Epidemiology, p 147-169. In Koopmans M, Cliver D, Bosch A, Doyle M (ed), Food-Borne Viruses. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815738.ch6

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Viral Evolution and Its Relevance for Food-Borne Virus Epidemiology

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Figure 1

Quasispecies are dynamic distributions of mutant and recombinant genomes characterized by a mutant spectrum and a consensus sequence. In this scheme, genomes are depicted as horizontal lines and mutations are depicted as symbols on the lines. (A) Multiple quasispecies can coexist in an infected organism, even within an organ. (B) Large population passages (large black arrow) lead to competitive optimization of the quasispecies and to fitness gain in the environment being considered (triangle at the bottom). In contrast, bottleneck events (small arrows) lead to random accumulation of mutations (compare consensus sequences) and a decrease in fitness. At high and low fitness values, fluctuations of fitness values may occur. (Adapted from reference 14 with permission.)

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Figure 1

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Tables

Viral Evolution and Its Relevance for Food-Borne Virus Epidemiology

/content/10.1128/9781555815738.ch06.ch06tab01

Table 1

Mutation frequencies and rates of evolution for some picornaviruses a

Table 1

Mutation frequencies and rates of evolution for some picornaviruses a