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Chapter 11 : Function and Regulation of Adhesin Gene Families in and

Authors: Irene CastaÑo1, Alejandro De Las PeÑas2, Brendan P. Cormack3
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Affiliations: 1: Instituto Potosino de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Division de Biologia Molecular, 78216 San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; 2: Instituto Potosino de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Division de Biologia Molecular, 78216 San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; 3: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2006

Category: Fungi and Fungal Pathogenesis

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Function and Regulation of Adhesin Gene Families in and , Page 1 of 2

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Abstract:

In fungi, the cell wall plays a primary role contributing to the structural integrity of the cell; in addition to this structural role, the cell wall is, by definition, the interface between the yeast and the environment. This chapter examines the overlapping and divergent function and regulation of some surface glycoprotein gene families in and its pathogenic cousins and . , , and encode a variety of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked cell wall proteins (GPI-CWPs) that play accessory roles, functioning primarily as adhesins, facilitating yeast-yeast interactions or yeast adherence to a variety of surfaces. Analysis of adhesin gene regulation in and in species has revealed significant overlap in the signals that induce transcription of these gene families as well as the mechanistic basis for that regulation. Analysis of gene transcription reveals unexpected complexity in chromatin regulation in yeast. While the epigenetic regulation of and expression appears similar and some key regulators (Sfl1) are shared, the requirement for chromatinmodifying proteins which underlie the silencing mechanism is quite different—Hda1 in the case of and Hst1-Hst2 and Sir3 in the case of . This complexity probably foreshadows similar complexity in the regulation of other fungal adhesin families.

Citation: CastaÑo I, De Las PeÑas A, Cormack B. 2006. Function and Regulation of Adhesin Gene Families in and , p 163-175. In Heitman J, Filler S, Edwards, Jr. J, Mitchell A (ed), Molecular Principles of Fungal Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815776.ch11
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Function and Regulation of Adhesin Gene Families in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata
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Citation: CastaÑo I, De Las PeÑas A, Cormack B. 2006. Function and Regulation of Adhesin Gene Families in and , p 163-175. In Heitman J, Filler S, Edwards, Jr. J, Mitchell A (ed), Molecular Principles of Fungal Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815776.ch11
/content/10.1128/9781555815776.ch11.ch11fig01
Figure 1.
Domain structure of GPI-CWP adhesins. Four domains are shown, all required for function of the adhesins. SS indicates the signal sequence; GPI indicates the C-terminal sequence required for covalent attachment of the GPI anchor to the mature C terminus. The effector domain confers specificity of adherence. C-terminal to the effector domain, a region rich in Ser/Thr residues, which are glycosylated, acts as a spacer between the GPI anchor and the effector domain.
10.1128/9781555815776/f0164-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815776/f0164-01.gif
Image of Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Domain structure of GPI-CWP adhesins. Four domains are shown, all required for function of the adhesins. SS indicates the signal sequence; GPI indicates the C-terminal sequence required for covalent attachment of the GPI anchor to the mature C terminus. The effector domain confers specificity of adherence. C-terminal to the effector domain, a region rich in Ser/Thr residues, which are glycosylated, acts as a spacer between the GPI anchor and the effector domain.

Citation: CastaÑo I, De Las PeÑas A, Cormack B. 2006. Function and Regulation of Adhesin Gene Families in and , p 163-175. In Heitman J, Filler S, Edwards, Jr. J, Mitchell A (ed), Molecular Principles of Fungal Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815776.ch11
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Figure 2.
Chromosomal location of genes in . Distances from the beginning of the telomeric repeats are indicated. Thick bars represent regions of homology between the , and loci.
10.1128/9781555815776/f0167-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815776/f0167-01.gif
Image of Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Chromosomal location of genes in . Distances from the beginning of the telomeric repeats are indicated. Thick bars represent regions of homology between the , and loci.

Citation: CastaÑo I, De Las PeÑas A, Cormack B. 2006. Function and Regulation of Adhesin Gene Families in and , p 163-175. In Heitman J, Filler S, Edwards, Jr. J, Mitchell A (ed), Molecular Principles of Fungal Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815776.ch11
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Figure 3.
Chromosomal location of genes in strain BG2. Distances from the beginning of the telomeric repeats are indicated. Thick bars represent homology between different loci: the and loci are essentially identical to each other across 7.6 kb, including the ORFs and the indicated 5and’ and 3’ intergenic regions. The and loci are highly homologous for the ORFs, for the 2.4 kb between the genes and the telomere, as well as for at least 4 kb upstream of the gene.
10.1128/9781555815776/f0168-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815776/f0168-01.gif
Image of Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Chromosomal location of genes in strain BG2. Distances from the beginning of the telomeric repeats are indicated. Thick bars represent homology between different loci: the and loci are essentially identical to each other across 7.6 kb, including the ORFs and the indicated 5and’ and 3’ intergenic regions. The and loci are highly homologous for the ORFs, for the 2.4 kb between the genes and the telomere, as well as for at least 4 kb upstream of the gene.

Citation: CastaÑo I, De Las PeÑas A, Cormack B. 2006. Function and Regulation of Adhesin Gene Families in and , p 163-175. In Heitman J, Filler S, Edwards, Jr. J, Mitchell A (ed), Molecular Principles of Fungal Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815776.ch11
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Figure 4.
Silencing of the to loci. For the to loci, the genomic organization is shown. Below each gene is the transcriptional status of each gene grown under normal laboratory conditions. The triangles represent gene insertions made at each locus; below each insertion is the distance of the translational start from the telomeric repeats; above each triangle is the status of the correponding gene insertion in a wild-type cell, as measured by the ability to grow on 5-FOA plates. “off” means that the corresponding strain was 5-FOA; “on” means that the corresponding strain was 5-FOA. For the insertion between and , “off / ” indicates that the strain yielded a small number of 5-FOA colonies.
10.1128/9781555815776/f0170-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815776/f0170-01.gif
Image of Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Silencing of the to loci. For the to loci, the genomic organization is shown. Below each gene is the transcriptional status of each gene grown under normal laboratory conditions. The triangles represent gene insertions made at each locus; below each insertion is the distance of the translational start from the telomeric repeats; above each triangle is the status of the correponding gene insertion in a wild-type cell, as measured by the ability to grow on 5-FOA plates. “off” means that the corresponding strain was 5-FOA; “on” means that the corresponding strain was 5-FOA. For the insertion between and , “off / ” indicates that the strain yielded a small number of 5-FOA colonies.

Citation: CastaÑo I, De Las PeÑas A, Cormack B. 2006. Function and Regulation of Adhesin Gene Families in and , p 163-175. In Heitman J, Filler S, Edwards, Jr. J, Mitchell A (ed), Molecular Principles of Fungal Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815776.ch11
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Tables

Function and Regulation of Adhesin Gene Families in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata
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Citation: CastaÑo I, De Las PeÑas A, Cormack B. 2006. Function and Regulation of Adhesin Gene Families in and , p 163-175. In Heitman J, Filler S, Edwards, Jr. J, Mitchell A (ed), Molecular Principles of Fungal Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815776.ch11
/content/10.1128/9781555815776.ch11.ch11tab01
Table 1.
GPI-CWP with roles in adherence
Generic image for table
Table 1.

GPI-CWP with roles in adherence

Citation: CastaÑo I, De Las PeÑas A, Cormack B. 2006. Function and Regulation of Adhesin Gene Families in and , p 163-175. In Heitman J, Filler S, Edwards, Jr. J, Mitchell A (ed), Molecular Principles of Fungal Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815776.ch11
/content/10.1128/9781555815776.ch11.ch11tab02
Table 2.
Transcriptional regulators of , and genes
Generic image for table
Table 2.

Transcriptional regulators of , and genes

Citation: CastaÑo I, De Las PeÑas A, Cormack B. 2006. Function and Regulation of Adhesin Gene Families in and , p 163-175. In Heitman J, Filler S, Edwards, Jr. J, Mitchell A (ed), Molecular Principles of Fungal Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815776.ch11

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