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Chapter 23 : Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection
Authors:
Robert C. Kohberger1,
Jukka Jokinen2,
George R. Siber3
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Affiliations:
1: Blair and Company, Greenwich, CT 06831;
2: Department of Vaccines, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland;
3: 160 West 66th Street, New York, NY 10023
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2008
Category: Bacterial Pathogenesis; Immunology
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555815820
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555815820.ch23
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Abstract:
This chapter discusses the possible immune measurements that could be used to develop a correlative model, the functional forms of statistical models that have been used, and the results of correlative models for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), acute otitis media (AOM), pneumonia, and colonization. The most common immune measurement that is used in the development of protective correlates is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoglobulin G (IgG) class anticapsular polysaccharide antibodies. Generalization to other polysaccharide-based conjugate vaccines regardless of the carrier protein(s) is most likely acceptable, but the models have uncertain validity for nonconjugate pneumococcal vaccines that are protein or polysaccharide based or for populations that differ in important ways from those studied in the clinical efficacy trials, such as infants infected with human immunodeficiency virus. The probability of acquisition as a function of IgG antibody concentration was modeled using logistic regression. Only vaccine serotypes 9V, 14, 19F, and 23F were modeled because of the limited number of acquisition events for the other serotypes. In a separate analysis, serotype 6A was modeled using the immune responses to 6B. The antibody levels needed to protect against IPD, AOM, and colonization apparently differ. Higher levels are required for protection against AOM and colonization than for protection against IPD.
Citation:
Kohberger R, Jokinen J, Siber G.
2008.
Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection,
p 339-349.
In
Siber G, Klugman K, Mäkelä P (ed),
Pneumococcal Vaccines.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815820.ch23
Figures
Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection
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Citation:
Kohberger R, Jokinen J, Siber G.
2008.
Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection,
p 339-349.
In
Siber G, Klugman K, Mäkelä P (ed),
Pneumococcal Vaccines.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815820.ch23
/content/10.1128/9781555815820.ch23.ch23fig01
Theoretical relationship between risk of disease and concentration of protective antibodies. The step function represents the simplifying assumption required to calculate a protective concentration, Cprot.
10.1128/9781555815820/f0341-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815820/f0341-01.gif
Theoretical relationship between risk of disease and concentration of protective antibodies. The step function represents the simplifying assumption required to calculate a protective concentration, Cprot.
Citation:
Kohberger R, Jokinen J, Siber G.
2008.
Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection,
p 339-349.
In
Siber G, Klugman K, Mäkelä P (ed),
Pneumococcal Vaccines.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815820.ch23
/content/10.1128/9781555815820.ch23.ch23fig02
Figure 2
RCD curves for IgG antipneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antibody concentrations aggregated for the seven vaccine types in three controlled PCV efficacy studies and the studies with pooled data weighted for the number of study subjects (
17
).
10.1128/9781555815820/f0344-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815820/f0344-01.gif
Figure 2
RCD curves for IgG antipneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antibody concentrations aggregated for the seven vaccine types in three controlled PCV efficacy studies and the studies with pooled data weighted for the number of study subjects ( 17 ).
Citation:
Kohberger R, Jokinen J, Siber G.
2008.
Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection,
p 339-349.
In
Siber G, Klugman K, Mäkelä P (ed),
Pneumococcal Vaccines.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815820.ch23
/content/10.1128/9781555815820.ch23.ch23fig03
Figure 3
Effect of antibody concentration on the yearly incidence of serotype-specific AOM. Fitted values are from the GLM for each serotype. The risk of AOM caused by serotype 6A is associated with the concentration of cross-reactive 6B antibodies. Data are from Jokinen et al. (
12
).
10.1128/9781555815820/f0345-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815820/f0345-01.gif
Figure 3
Effect of antibody concentration on the yearly incidence of serotype-specific AOM. Fitted values are from the GLM for each serotype. The risk of AOM caused by serotype 6A is associated with the concentration of cross-reactive 6B antibodies. Data are from Jokinen et al. ( 12 ).
Citation:
Kohberger R, Jokinen J, Siber G.
2008.
Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection,
p 339-349.
In
Siber G, Klugman K, Mäkelä P (ed),
Pneumococcal Vaccines.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815820.ch23
/content/10.1128/9781555815820.ch23.ch23fig04
Figure 4
Percentages of new acquisition events (in 1-log increments) and percentages of new acquisition events predicted (curve) by the logistic regression model by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype (9V, 14, 19F, and 23F) among subjects who received PCV9-CRM (black squares) and subjects who received the control vaccine (black circles). Data are from Dagan et al. (
5
).
10.1128/9781555815820/f0347-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815820/f0347-01.gif
Figure 4
Percentages of new acquisition events (in 1-log increments) and percentages of new acquisition events predicted (curve) by the logistic regression model by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype (9V, 14, 19F, and 23F) among subjects who received PCV9-CRM (black squares) and subjects who received the control vaccine (black circles). Data are from Dagan et al. ( 5 ).
Citation:
Kohberger R, Jokinen J, Siber G.
2008.
Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection,
p 339-349.
In
Siber G, Klugman K, Mäkelä P (ed),
Pneumococcal Vaccines.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815820.ch23
/content/10.1128/9781555815820.ch23.ch23fig05
Figure 5
Percentages of new acquisition events (in 1-log increments) and percentages of new acquisition events predicted (curve) by the logistic regression model for Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6A (using serotype 6B serologic values) among subjects who received PCV9-CRM (black squares) and subjects who received the control vaccine (black circles). Data are from Dagan et al. (
5
).
10.1128/9781555815820/f0348-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815820/f0348-01.gif
Figure 5
Percentages of new acquisition events (in 1-log increments) and percentages of new acquisition events predicted (curve) by the logistic regression model for Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6A (using serotype 6B serologic values) among subjects who received PCV9-CRM (black squares) and subjects who received the control vaccine (black circles). Data are from Dagan et al. ( 5 ).
Citation:
Kohberger R, Jokinen J, Siber G.
2008.
Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection,
p 339-349.
In
Siber G, Klugman K, Mäkelä P (ed),
Pneumococcal Vaccines.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815820.ch23
References
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Dagan, R.,, N. Givon-Lavi,, D. Fraser,, M. Lipsitch,, G. Siber, and, R. Kohberger. 2005. Serum serotype-specific pneumococcal anticapsular immunoglobulin G concentrations after immunization with a 9-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine correlate with nasopharyngeal acquisition of pneumococcus. J. Infect. Dis. 192: 367– 376.
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Esposito, S.,, R. Droghetti,, N. Faelli,, A. Lastrico,, C. Tagliabue, et al. 2003. Serum concentrations of pneumococcal anticapsular antibodies in children with pneumonia associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37: 1261– 1264.
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Henckaerts, I.,, D. Goldblatt,, L. Ashton, and, J. Poolman. 2006. Critical differences between pneumococcal polysaccharide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with and without 22F inhibition at low antibody concentrations in pediatric sera. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 13: 356– 360.
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Jódar, L.,, J. Butler,, G. Carlone,, R. Dagan,, D. Goldblatt,, H. Käyhty,, K. Klugman,, B. Plikaytis,, G. Siber,, R. Kohberger,, I. Chang, and, T. Cherian. 2003. Serological criteria for evaluation and licensure of new pneumococcal conjugate vaccine formulations for use in infants. Vaccine 21: 3265– 3272.
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Jokinen, J.,, H. Ahman,, T. Kilpi,, H. Makela, and, H. Kayhty. 2004. Concentration of antipneumococcal antibodies as a serological correlate of protection: an application to acute otitis media. J. Infect. Dis. 190: 545– 550.
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Kilpi, T.,, H. Ahman,, J. Jokinen,, K. S. Lankinen,, A. Palmu,, H. Savolainen,, M. Gronholm,, M. Leinonen,, T. Hovi,, J. Eskola,, H. Kayhty,, N. Bohidar,, J. C. Sadoff, and, P. H. Makela 2003. Protective efficacy of a second pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against pneumococcal acute otitis media in infants and children: randomized, controlled trial of a 7-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine in 1666 children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37: 1155– 1164.
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Klugman, K. S.,, Madhi, R., Huebner, R., Kohberger, N., Mbelle, and, N. Pierce. 2003. A trial of a 9-valent vaccine in children with and those without HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 349: 1341– 1348.
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O'Brien, K.,, L. Mouton,, R. Reid,, R. Weatherholtz,, J. Oski,, L. Brown,, G. Kumar,, A. Parkinson,, D. Hu,, J. Hackell,, I. Chang,, R. Kohberger,, G. Siber, and, M. Santosham. 2003. Efficacy and safety of seven-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in American Indian children: group randomized trial. Lancet 362: 355– 361.
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Tables
Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection
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Citation:
Kohberger R, Jokinen J, Siber G.
2008.
Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection,
p 339-349.
In
Siber G, Klugman K, Mäkelä P (ed),
Pneumococcal Vaccines.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815820.ch23
/content/10.1128/9781555815820.ch23.ch23tab01
Table 1
Three controlled double-blind efficacy trials of PCV used in meta-analysis of protective pneumococcal antibody concentration
a
Table 1
Three controlled double-blind efficacy trials of PCV used in meta-analysis of protective pneumococcal antibody concentration a
Citation:
Kohberger R, Jokinen J, Siber G.
2008.
Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection,
p 339-349.
In
Siber G, Klugman K, Mäkelä P (ed),
Pneumococcal Vaccines.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815820.ch23
/content/10.1128/9781555815820.ch23.ch23tab02
Table 2
Number of children with and without 6A, 6B, 19F, or 23F AOM events and GMCs of corresponding IgG antibodies among children immunized with PCV
a
Table 2
Number of children with and without 6A, 6B, 19F, or 23F AOM events and GMCs of corresponding IgG antibodies among children immunized with PCV a
Citation:
Kohberger R, Jokinen J, Siber G.
2008.
Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection,
p 339-349.
In
Siber G, Klugman K, Mäkelä P (ed),
Pneumococcal Vaccines.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815820.ch23
/content/10.1128/9781555815820.ch23.ch23tab03
Table 3
Reduction in risk of AOM associated with a 10-fold increase in ELISA-measured antibody concentration or OPA
a
Table 3
Reduction in risk of AOM associated with a 10-fold increase in ELISA-measured antibody concentration or OPA a
Citation:
Kohberger R, Jokinen J, Siber G.
2008.
Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection,
p 339-349.
In
Siber G, Klugman K, Mäkelä P (ed),
Pneumococcal Vaccines.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815820.ch23
/content/10.1128/9781555815820.ch23.ch23tab04
Table 4
Results of the logistic regression model of the probability of a new acquisition of pneumococcal serotypes 6A, 9V, 14, 19F, and 23F during follow-up of 129 subjects who received PCV9-CRM
a
Table 4
Results of the logistic regression model of the probability of a new acquisition of pneumococcal serotypes 6A, 9V, 14, 19F, and 23F during follow-up of 129 subjects who received PCV9-CRM a
Citation:
Kohberger R, Jokinen J, Siber G.
2008.
Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection,
p 339-349.
In
Siber G, Klugman K, Mäkelä P (ed),
Pneumococcal Vaccines.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815820.ch23