Pheromones and Pheromone Receptors in Schizophyllum commune Mate Recognition: Retrospective of a Half-Century of Progress and a Look Ahead

Thomas J. Fowler; Lisa J. Vaillancourt

doi:10.1128/9781555815837.ch18

Chapter 18 : Pheromones and Pheromone Receptors in Schizophyllum commune Mate Recognition: Retrospective of a Half-Century of Progress and a Look Ahead

Authors: Thomas J. Fowler¹, Lisa J. Vaillancourt²

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Affiliations: 1: Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1651; 2: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312

Content Type: Monograph

Publication Year: 2007

Category: Fungi and Fungal Pathogenesis

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555815837

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555815837.ch18

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Abstract:

This chapter describes the progress that has been achieved by combining recent molecular studies with older, classical investigations for understanding Schizophyllum commune pheromone signaling. There are approximately 75-100 pheromones and at least 18 pheromone receptors involved in the S. commune mating system, complicating initial pheromone recognition in S. commune in comparison with S. cerevisiae. The currently characterized collection of S. commune pheromones can be divided into five groups, based on the amino acid sequence similarity of their predicted mature pheromone peptides, and their receptoractivation spectra in transgene experiment. It seems likely that there is an additional purpose for the aromatic amino acids in the carboxy-terminal position in S. commune pheromones, because there are only three aromatic residues, and these would not be sufficient to distinguish among all of the pheromones. Recombinant receptor chimeras and site-directed mutagenesis have been used to understand how S. commune pheromone receptors specifically recognize pheromones. Pheromone transformants were paired with other transformed strains that were expressing compatible or incompatible receptors and then assayed for diploid formation. This experiment confirmed that S. commune pheromone receptors and pheromones function in yeast, each expressing its expected specificity and inducing diploidization in compatible pairings. Two mating processes are known to depend on activation of the B-regulated developmental pathway: nuclear migration and hook cell fusion. Phylogenetic relationships of pheromone receptors of several mushroom species, including S. commune, indicate that the subtypes of pheromone receptors that we can recognize today in mushroom fungi diverged in common ancestors of the modern homobasidiomycetes.

Citation: Fowler T, Vaillancourt L. 2007. Pheromones and Pheromone Receptors in Schizophyllum commune Mate Recognition: Retrospective of a Half-Century of Progress and a Look Ahead, p 301-315. In Heitman J, Kronstad J, Taylor J, Casselton L (ed), Sex in Fungi. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815837.ch18

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Pheromones and Pheromone Receptors in Schizophyllum commune Mate Recognition: Retrospective of a Half-Century of Progress and a Look Ahead

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Figure 18.1

The mating process in S. commune. Hyphal anastomosis is not regulated by the mating-type genes. Nuclear migration and hook-cell fusion are controlled by the B locus, and all the other steps in the process of dikaryon formation are controlled by A.

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Figure 18.1

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Figure 18.2

The flat phenotype. (a) Hyphae of an unmated homokaryon. (b through d) Hyphae of the common-A heterokaryon exhibiting a strong flat phenotype. Abundant short branches and hyphal wall distortions are typical hyphal features. Micrographs by T. Fowler.

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Figure 18.2

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Figure 18.3

Arrangement of the B locus in S. commune. (a) The generalized arrangement of the two subloci Bα and Bβ, separated by a region of variable length, is shown. There are nine different haplotypes of Bα and nine different haplotypes of Bβ that can associate in most pairwise combinations. (b) The Bα3-Bβ2 combination has been completely sequenced and tested in biological activity assays ( 15 ). Squares represent pheromone genes, and rectangles represent receptor genes.

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Figure 18.3

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Figure 18.4

Precursors of two related S. commune pheromones. The pheromones Bbp2( 7 ) and Bbp2( 8 ) activate the same two receptors, Bbr3 and Bbr9, and have very similar mature sequences (predicted), shown in boldface type. These two pheromone precursors are typical of the S. commune pheromones. Amino acid pairs (DK and DS) are thought to mark the sites of protease processing for the N termini (arrow) of the mature pheromone and can be identified readily in most of the known pheromone sequences. The amino acid sequences of the N termini of these two precursors are very different although their C termini (the presumed mature pheromones) are not, also suggesting that the conserved, functional portions (bold) and the nonconserved, nonfunctional portions (italics) are separated at the predicted protease recognition sites. Underlined at the C termini is the CaaX-box motif that is processed to remove the final three amino acids. Following aaX cleavage, the new terminal cysteine is likely carboxymethylated and farnesylated.

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Figure 18.4

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Figure 18.5

Some S. commune predicted mature pheromones and their biological activities. Predicted pheromones are grouped by sequence similarity ( 15 ), and the receptors activated by each pheromone are indicated by a plus sign (+). Only the peptide portion is shown; each pheromone is presumed to be carboxymethylated and farnesylated on the C-terminal cysteine. The asterisks above two group III amino acid positions were tested in site-directed mutagenesis studies (see the text for details).

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Figure 18.5

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Figure 18.6

Bar1 and Bar2 pheromone receptor chimeras. S. commune Bar1 and Bar2 were engineered to produce hybrid receptors that exhibited a variety of phenotypes when exposed to wild-type S. commune pheromones in matings (redrawn based on references 17 and 18 ). Some receptor chimeras displayed the selectivity of a wild-type receptor, while other receptor chimeras had the ability to be activated by pheromones from all wild-type Bα haplotypes (“promiscuous”). Still others, including a site-directed mutant, were “super-specific” and excluded more pheromones than the wild-type receptors. One receptor chimera was constitutively activated and required no pheromone for signaling. In these drawings, the dotted lines represent the boundaries of the plasma membrane in which the receptors are anchored. Above the upper dotted line is the extracellular space, and below the lower dotted line is the cytoplasm. The N termini of these receptors are extracellular, and the C termini are intracellular. The intracellular C-terminal portion of each receptor is not drawn representatively but is shortened for convenience.

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Figure 18.6

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