1887

Chapter 50 : Sampling Viruses from Soil

Authors: Christon J. Hurst, Kelly A. Reynolds
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2007

Category: Environmental Microbiology

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:
Preview Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

Sampling Viruses from Soil, Page 1 of 2

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815882/9781555813796_Chap50-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815882/9781555813796_Chap50-2.gif

Abstract:

This chapter focuses on the methodology used to detect animal viruses in samples of soil. This methodology generally relies on elution and subsequent concentration of viruses from the soil, after which either cytopathogenicity or plaque formation assays are used to detect the viruses. These assays are based on the use of cultured animal cells as hosts for viral replication. The chapter also describes the use of plaque formation methodology to detect bacteriophages, viruses which infect bacteria. Other types of assay procedures, such as those based on the PCR, have also been developed to detect viruses in soil samples. Many different types of apparatus can be used to collect soil samples. These range from spoons and spatulas to shovels and powered augers. The available options for suitable sample containers include wide-mouthed screw-cap plastic jars and zipper closure plastic bags. Soil samples should be kept chilled to reduce thermal inactivation of the viruses. Bacteriophages can be detected by direct assay of soil suspensions using a plaque formation technique. If the presence of soil particles in the assay causes a problem, either because the resulting turbidity obscures assessment of the results or the number of contaminating soil bacteria and fungi carried along with the soil particles complicates plaque enumeration, then the bacteriophages can be eluted from the soil particles and the eluate can be assayed.

Citation: Hurst C, Reynolds K. 2007. Sampling Viruses from Soil, p 618-626. In Hurst C, Crawford R, Garland J, Lipson D, Mills A, Stetzenbach L (ed), Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815882.ch50
Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555815882.ch50
1. Asghari, A.,, S. R. Farrah, and, G. Bitton. 1992. Use of hydrogen peroxide treatment and crystal violet agar plates for selective recovery of bacteriophages from natural environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58: 1159– 1163.
2. Ashelford, K. E.,, S. J. Norris,, J. C. Fry,, M. J. Bailey, and, M. J. Day. 2000. Seasonal population dynamics and interactions of competing bacteriophages and their host in the rhizosphere. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 4193– 4199.
3. Barsoum, J. 1999. Concentration of recombinant baculovirus by cation exchange chromatography. BioTechniques 26: 834– 840.
4. Benton, W. H.,, and C. J. Hurst. 1990. Sequential inoculation as an adjunct in enteric virus plaque enumeration. Water Res. 10: 905– 909.
5. Bitton, G.,, M. J. Charles, and, S. R. Farrah. 1979. Virus detection in soils: a comparison of four recovery methods. Can. J. Microbiol. 25: 874– 880.
6. Burroughs, N. J.,, P. Marsh, and, E. M. H. Wellington. 2000. Mathematical analysis of growth and interaction dynamics of streptomycetes and a bacteriophage in soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 3868– 3877.
7. Chang, P. L.,, and T. F. Yen. 1984. Interaction of Escherichia coli B and B/4 and bacteriophage T4D with Berea sandstone rock in relation to enhanced oil recovery. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 410: 544– 550.
8. Chatterji, A.,, and C. M. Fauquet. 2000. Ecology of plant viruses, with special reference to whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (WTG’s), p. 321–351. In C. J. Hurst (ed.), Viral Ecology. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif.
9. Clesceri, L. S.,, A. E. Greenberg, and, A. D. Eaton (ed.). 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
10. Dijkstra, J.,, and C. P. de Jager. 1998. Practical Plant Virology. Springer-Verlag KG, Berlin, Germany.
11. Dowd, S. E.,, S. D. Pillai,, S. Wang, and, M. Y. Corapcioglu. 1998. Delineating the specific influence of virus isoelectric point and size on virus adsorption and transport through sandy soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 405– 410.
12. Duboise, S. M.,, B. E. Moore,, C. A. Sorber, and, B. P. Sagik. 1979. Viruses in soil systems. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 7: 245– 285.
13. Eagle, H. 1959. Amino acid metabolism in mammalian cell cultures. Science 130: 432– 437.
14. Grabow, W. O. K.,, and P. Coubrough. 1986. Practical direct plaque assay for coliphages in 100-ml samples of drinking water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52: 430– 433.
15. Grabow, W. O. K.,, D. L. Puttergill, and, A. Bosch. 1992. Propagation of adenovirus types 40 and 41 in the PLC/PRF/5 primary liver carcinoma cell line. J. Virol. Methods 37: 201– 208.
16. Gratacap-Cavallier, B.,, O. Genoulaz,, K. Brengel-Pesce,, H. Soule,, P. Innocenti-Francillard,, M. Bost,, L. Gofti,, D. Zmirou, and, J. M. Seigneurin. 2000. Detection of human and animal rotavirus sequences in drinking water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 2690– 2692.
17. Griffin, D. W.,, C. J. Gibson III,, E. K. Lipp,, K. Riley,, J. H. Paul III, and, J. B. Rose. 1999. Detection of viral pathogens by reverse transcriptase PCR and of microbial indicators by standard methods in the canals of the Florida Keys. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 4118– 4125.
18. Hershey, A. D.,, G. Kalmanson, and, J. Bronfenbrenner. 1943. Quantitative methods in the study of the phageantiphage reaction. J. Immunol. 46: 267– 279.
19. Hoyt, J. L.,, and A. B. Margolin. 2000. Fortified sera and their use in environmental virology. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 2259– 2262.
20. Hurst, C. J. 1979. Viral detection and persistence during the land treatment of sludge and wastewater. Ph.D. dissertation. Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
21. Hurst, C. J.,, J. C. Blannon,, R. L. Hardaway, and, W. C. Jackson. 1994. Differential effect of tetrazolium dyes upon bacteriophage plaque assay titers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 3462– 3465.
22. Hurst, C. J.,, and C. P. Gerba. 1979. Development of a quantitative method for the detection of enteroviruses in soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37: 626– 632.
23. Hurst, C. J.,, C. P. Gerba, and, I. Cech. 1980. Effects of environmental variables and soil characteristics on virus survival in soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40: 1067– 1079.
24. Hurst, C. J.,, and T. Goyke. 1983. Reduction of interfering cytotoxicity associated with wastewater sludge concentrates assayed for indigenous enteric viruses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46: 133– 139.
25. Hurst, C. J.,, and T. Goyke. 1986. Stability of viruses in waste water sludge eluates. Can. J. Microbiol. 32: 649– 653.
26. Hurst, C. J.,, K. A. McClellan, and, W. H. Benton. 1988. Comparison of cytopathogenicity, immunofluorescence and in situ DNA hybridization as methods for the detection of adenoviruses. Water Res. 22: 1547– 1552.
27. Hurst, C. J.,, and P. A. Murphy. 1996. The transmission and prevention of infectious disease, p. 3–54. In C. J. Hurst (ed.), Modeling Disease Transmission and Its Prevention by Disinfection. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
28. Hurst, C. J.,, S. A. Schaub,, M. D. Sobsey,, S. R. Farrah,, C. P. Gerba,, J. B. Rose,, S. M. Goyal,, E. P. Larkin,, R. Sullivan,, J. T. Tierney,, R. T. O’Brien,, R. S. Safferman,, M. E. Morris,, F. M. Wellings,, A. L. Lewis,, G. Berg,, P. W. Britton, and, J. A. Winter. 1991. Multilaboratory evaluation of methods for detecting enteric viruses in soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57: 395– 401.
29. Jones, R. A. C.,, and D. A. Nicholas. 1998. Impact of an insidious virus disease in the legume component on the species balance within self-regenerating annual pasture. J. Agric. Sci. 131: 155– 170.
30. Lee, C.,, S.-H. Lee,, E. Han, and, S.-J. Kim. 2004. Use of cell culture-PCR assay based on combination of A549 and BGMK cell lines and molecular identification as a tool to monitor infectious adenoviruses and enteroviruses in river water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 6695– 6705.
31. Lee, H. K.,, and Y. S. Jeong. 2004. Comparison of total culturable virus assay and multiplex integrated cell culture-PCR for reliability of waterborne virus detection. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 3632– 3636.
32. Lefler, E.,, and Y. Kott. 1974. Enteric virus behavior in sand dunes. Isr. J. Technol. 12: 298– 304.
33. Leibovitz, A. 1963. The growth and maintenance of tissue-cell cultures in free gas exchange with the atmosphere. Am. J. Hyg. 78: 173– 180.
34. Manor, Y.,, R. Handsher,, T. Halmut,, M. Neuman,, B. Abramovitz,, A. Mates, and, E. Mendelson. 1999. A double-selective tissue culture system for isolation of wild-type poliovirus from sewage applied in a long-term environmental surveillance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 1794– 1797.
35. Mocé-Llivina, L.,, F. Lucena, and, J. Jofre. 2004. Double-layer plaque assay for quantification of enteroviruses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 2801– 2805.
36. Moore, R. S.,, D. H. Taylor,, M. M. M. Reddy, and, L. S. Sturman. 1982. Adsorption of reovirus by minerals and soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44: 852– 859.
37. Moore, R. S.,, D. H. Taylor,, L. S. Sturman,, M. M. Reddy, and, G. W. Fuhs. 1981. Poliovirus adsorption by 34 minerals and soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42: 963– 975.
38. Muscillo, M.,, G. La Rosa,, A. Carducci,, L. Cantiani, and, C. Marianelli. 1999. Molecular and biological characterization of poliovirus 3 strains isolated in Adriatic seawater samples. Water Res. 33: 3204– 3212.
39. Ostle, A. G.,, and J. G. Holt. 1979. Elution and inactivation of bacteriophages on soil and cation-exchange resin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38: 59– 65.
40. Preston, D. R.,, and S. R. Farrah. 1988. Activation thermodynamics of virus adsorption to solids. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 2650– 2654.
41. Puig, A.,, N. Queralt,, J. Jofre, and, R. Araujo. 1999. Diversity of Bacteroides fragilis strains in their capacity to recover phages from human and animal wastes and from fecally polluted wastewater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 1772– 1776.
42. Rajala-Mustonen, R. L.,, and H. Heinonen-Tanski. 1994. Sensitivity of host strains and host range of coliphages isolated from Finnish and Nicaraguan wastewater. Water Res. 28: 1811– 1815.
43. Reed, L. J.,, and H. Muench. 1938. A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. Am. J. Hyg. 27: 493– 497.
44. Reynolds, K. A.,, C. P. Gerba, and, I. L. Pepper. 1996. Detection of infectious enteroviruses by an integrated cell culture-PCR procedure. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 1424– 1427.
45. Reynolds, K. A.,, C. P. Gerba, and, I. L. Pepper. 1997. Rapid PCR-based monitoring of infectious enteroviruses in drinking water. Water Sci. Technol. 35: 423– 427.
46. Rohwer, F.,, and R. Edwards. 2002. The phage proteomic tree: a genome-based taxonomy for phage. J. Bacteriol. 184: 4529– 4535.
47. Rothman, L. E.,, and J. H. Myers. 2000. Ecology of insect viruses, p. 385–412. In C. J. Hurst (ed.), Viral Ecology. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif.
48. Straub, T. M.,, I. L. Pepper,, M. Abbaszadegan, and, C. P. Gerba. 1994. A method to detect enteroviruses in sewage sludge-amended soil using the PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 1014– 1017.
49. Taylor, D. H.,, A. R. Bellamy, and, A. T. Wilson. 1980. Interaction of bacteriophage R17 and reovirus type III with the clay mineral allophane. Water Res. 14: 339– 346.
50. Taylor, D. H.,, R. S. Moore, and, L. S. Sturman. 1981. Influence of pH and electrolyte composition on adsorption of poliovirus by soils and minerals. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42: 976– 984.
51. Williams, S. T.,, A. M. Mortimer, and, L. Manchester. 1987. Ecology of soil bacteriophages, p. 157–179. In S. M. Goyal,, C. P. Gerba, and, G. Bitton (ed.), Phage Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
52. Williamson, K. E.,, K. E. Wommack, and, M. Radosevich. 2003. Sampling natural viral communities from soil for culture-independent analyses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 6628– 6633.

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error