1887

Chapter 8 : Mycotic Agents of Human Disease

Author: Wiley A. Schell
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2006

Category: Clinical Microbiology; Applied and Industrial Microbiology

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:
Preview Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

Mycotic Agents of Human Disease, Page 1 of 2

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815899/9781555813390_Chap08-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815899/9781555813390_Chap08-2.gif

Abstract:

Traditional distinctions regarding inherent virulence and portal of infection provide a useful starting point for considering the pathogenic fungi. Discussion of fungal agents of human disease in this chapter is organism based rather than disease based. This discussion is not exhaustive for all documented fungal pathogens, but instead seeks to address those fungi that are seen with regularity in clinical and environmental mycology laboratories. The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 required establishment of regulations regarding the possession, use, and transfer of select biological agents and toxins. Only one fungal genus, , contains species pathogenic for humans and other animals and is classified as requiring Biosafety level (BSL)-3 containment precautions. recently was split into two species based on DNA analysis. The two species, and , have identical potential for causing infection, disease, and death in humans and other animals. Containment and biosafety issues are more problematic for molds than for yeasts because molds have evolved the capacity to form airborne spores routinely as a dispersal mechanism. Dematiaceous fungi can cause infection when traumatically inoculated to skin and subcutaneous tissue, and disease from inhaled spores is possible as well. In contrast to fomite specimens, medical specimens pose little hazard of airborne fungal infection. Routine containment practices for specimen handling and processing provide sound protection for laboratory personnel as well as protection of specimens and cultures from extraneous contamination.

Citation: Schell W. 2006. Mycotic Agents of Human Disease, p 163-178. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch8

Key Concept Ranking

Environmental Microbiology
0.49069366
Fungal Infections
0.4621199
Cell-Mediated Immune Response
0.4112605
Infectious Diseases
0.40917778
Coccidioides posadasii
0.40291262
0.49069366
Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

Figures

Mycotic Agents of Human Disease
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555815899.ch08-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555815899.ch08-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Wiley A., foaf_name=Wiley A. Schell, foaf_surname=Schell}]]
Citation: Schell W. 2006. Mycotic Agents of Human Disease, p 163-178. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch8
/content/10.1128/9781555815899.ch08.ch08fig01
FIGURE 1
Among molds, spore formation provides a mechanism for efficient dispersal. Some mold spores also pose a risk of airborne disease to laboratory personnel. In this image of , cells of a vegetative hypha have transformed into spores (arrows) that will be liberated when walls of the adjacent cells, now dead and withered, become fractured (arrowheads).
10.1128/9781555815899/f0167-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815899/f0167-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Among molds, spore formation provides a mechanism for efficient dispersal. Some mold spores also pose a risk of airborne disease to laboratory personnel. In this image of , cells of a vegetative hypha have transformed into spores (arrows) that will be liberated when walls of the adjacent cells, now dead and withered, become fractured (arrowheads).

Citation: Schell W. 2006. Mycotic Agents of Human Disease, p 163-178. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch8
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555815899.ch08
1. Ajello, L., and, R. J. Hay (ed.). 1998. Topley & Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed., vol. 4. Medical Mycology. Arnold, London, England.
2. Ajello, L., and, R. J. Weeks. 1983. Soil decontamination and other control measures, p. 229–238. In A. F. DiSalvo (ed.), Occupational Mycoses. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa.
3. American Industrial Hygiene Association. 2005. Laboratory accreditation policy module 2D: environmental microbiological accreditation program (EMLAP) specific additional requirements. Module 2D, p. 1–4. American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, Va.
4. Anaissie, E. J.,, M. R. McGinnis, and, M. A. Pfaller. 2003. Clinical Mycology. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, Pa.
5. Barros, M. B.,, O. Schubach Ade, A. C. do Valle,, M. C. Gutierrez Galhardo,, F. Conceicao-Silva,, T. M. Schubach,, R. S. Reis,, B. Wanke,, K. B. Marzochi, and, M. J. Conceicao. 2004. Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: description of a series of cases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38: 529– 535.
6. Baum, G. L., and, P. L. Lerner. 1971. Primary pulmonary blastomycosis: a laboratory acquired infection. Ann. Intern. Med. 73: 263– 265.
7. Beyt, B. E., and, S. R. Waltman. 1978. Cryptococcal endophthalmitis after corneal transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 298: 825– 826.
8. Butka, B., and, S. R. Bennett. 1984. Disseminated inoculation blastomycosis in a renal transplant patient. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 130: 1180– 1183.
9. Casadevall, A., and, J. R. Perfect. 1998. Cryptococcus neoformans. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
10. Casadevall, A. J.,, J. Mukherjee,, R. Ruong, and, J. R. Perfect. 1994. Management of Cryptococcus neoformans contaminated needle injuries. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19: 951– 953.
11. Castro, L. G. M.,, A. Salebian, and, M. N. Sotto. 1990. Hyalohyphomycosis by Paecilomyces lilacinus in a renal transplant patient and a review of human Paecilomyces species infections. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 28: 15– 26.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health. 2006. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th ed. L. C. Chosewood and, D. E. Wilson (ed.). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C.
13. Clancy, C. J., and, M. H. Nguyen. 1998. Acute community-acquired pneumonia due to Aspergillus in presumably immunocompetent hosts: clues for recognition of rare but fatal disease. Chest 114: 629– 634.
14. Cole, G. T.,, J.-M. Xue,, C. N. Okeke,, J. Tarcha,, V. Basrur,, R. A. Schaller,, R. A. Herr,, J.-J. Yu, and, C.-Y. Hung. 2004. Prospects of vaccines for medically important fungi: a vaccine against coccidioidomycosis is justified and attainable. Med. Mycol. 42: 189– 216.
15. College of American Pathologists. 1996. Mycology Survey 1996 Set F-B, Final Critique. College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Ill.
16. Committee on Damp Indoor Spaces and Health. 2004. Damp Indoor Spaces and Health, p. 12–13. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
17. Cooper, C. R.,, Jr., B. J. Breslin,, D. M. Dixon, and, I. F. Salkin. 1992a. DNA typing of isolates associated with the 1988 sporotrichosis epidemic. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 1631– 1635.
18. Cooper, C. R., Jr., D. M. Dixon, and, I. F. Salkin. 1992b. Laboratory acquired sporotrichosis. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 30: 169– 171.
19. Daniels, L. S.,, M. D. Berliner, and, C. C. Campbell. 1968. Varying virulence in rabbits infected with different filamentous types of Histoplasma capsulatum. J. Bacteriol. 96: 1535– 1539.
20. Defontaine, A.,, R. Zouhair,, B. Cimon,, J. Carrere,, E. Bailly,, F. Symoens,, M. Diouri,, J. N. Hallet, and, J. P. Bouchara. 2002. Genotyping study of Scedosporium apiospermum isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40: 2108– 2114.
21. deHoog, G. S.,, J. Guarro,, J. Gené, and, M. J. Figueras. 2000. Atlas of Clinical Fungi. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
22. Denton, J.,, A. F. DiSalvo, and, M. L. Hirsch. 1967. Laboratory-acquired North American blastomycosis. JAMA 199: 935– 936.
23. DeVries, J. W., M. W. Trucksess, and, L. S. Jackson. 2002. Mycotoxins and Food Safety. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, N.Y.
24. Dismukes, W. E.,, P. G. Pappas, and, J. D. Sobel. 2003. Clinical Mycology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
25. Dolan, M. M.,, A. M. Kligman,, P. G. Kobylinski, and, M. A. Motsavage. 1958. Ringworm epizootics in laboratory mice and rats: experimental and accidental transmission of infection. J. Investig. Dermatol. 30: 23– 25.
26. Dromer, F., and, M. R. McGinnis. 2003. Zygomycosis, p. 297–308. In E. J. Anaisse,, M. R. McGinnis, and, M. A. Pfaller (ed.), Clinical Mycology. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, Pa.
27. Dupont, B.,, P. G. Pappas,, and W. E. Dismukes. 2003. Fungal infections among patients with AIDS, p. 488–501. In W. E. Dismukes,, P. G. Pappas, and, J. D. Sobel (ed.), Clinical Mycology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
28. Ferguson, B. J. 2000. Definitions of fungal sinusitis. Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am. 33: 227– 235.
29. Fisher, M. C.,, G. L. Koenig,, T. J. White, and, J. W. Taylor. 2002. Molecular and phenotypic description of Coccidioides posadasii sp. nov., previously recognized as the non-California population of Coccidioides immitis. Mycologia 94: 73– 84.
30. Forester, H. R. 1924. Sporotrichosis. Am. J. Med. Sci. 167: 55– 76.
31. Frean, J. A.,, M. Isaacson,, G. B. Miller,, B. D. Mistry, and, C. Heney. 1991. Sporotrichosis following a rodent bite. A case report. Mycopathologia 116: 5– 8.
32. Glaser, J. B., and, A. Garden. 1985. Inoculation of cryptococcosis without transmission of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 313: 264.
33. Goldman, D. L.,, H. Khine,, J. Abadi,, D. J. Lindenberg,, L. Pirofski,, R. Niang, and, A. Casadevall. 2001. Serologic evidence for Cryptococcus neoformans infection in early childhood. Pediatrics 107: E66.
34. Halde, C.,, M. Valesco, and, M. Flores. 1992. The need for a mycoses reporting system, p. 259–265. In M. Borgers,, R. Hay, and, M. G. Rinaldi (ed.), Current Topics in Medical Mycology, 4th ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y.
35. Harrell, E. R. 1964. Occupational Diseases Acquired from Animals, p. 176–178. The University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor.
36. Harrell, E. R., and, A. C. Curtis. 1959. North American blastomycosis. Am. J. Med. 27: 750– 766.
37. Hilmarsdottir, I.,, A. Coutellier,, J. Elbaz,, J. M. Klein,, A. Datry, E. Guého, and, S. Herson. 1994. A French case of laboratory-acquired disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in a patient with AIDS. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19: 357– 358.
38. Hope, W. W.,, T. J. Walsh, and, D. W. Denning. 2005. The invasive and saprobic syndromes due to Aspergillus spp. Med. Mycol. 43: S207– S238.
39. Horré, R., and, G. S. de Hoog. 1999. Studies in Mycology, no. 43, p. 176–193. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn/Delft, The Netherlands.
40. Howard, D. H. 2003. Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals, 2nd ed., revised and expanded. Marcel Dekker, New York, N.Y.
41. Jarvis, B. B. 2002. Chemistry and toxicology of moulds isolated from water-damaged buildings, p. 43–52. In J. W. DeVries,, M. W. Trucksess, and, L. S. Jackson (ed.), Mycotoxins and Food Safety. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, N.Y.
42. Jin, X. Z.,, H. D. Zhang,, M. Hiruma, and, I. Yamamoto. 1990. Mother-and-child cases of sporotrichosis infection. Mycoses 33: 33– 36.
43. Kane, J.,, R. Summerbell,, L. Sigler,, S. Krajden,, and G. Land. 1997. Laboratory Handbook of Dermatophytes: a Clinical Guide and Laboratory Manual of Dermatophytes and Other Filamentous Fungi from Skin, Hair, and Nails. Star Publishing Co., Belmont, Calif.
44. Kauffman, C. A. 1999. Sporotrichosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29: 231– 237.
45. Kirk, P. M.,, P. F. Canon,, J. C. David, and, J. A. Stalpers (ed.). 2001. Dictionary of the Fungi, 9th ed., p. 359. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
46. Kullberg, B. J., and, S. G. Filler. 2002. Candidemia, p. 237–340. In R. A. Calderone (ed.), Candida and Candidiasis. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
47. Kwon-Chung, K. J., and, J. E. Bennett. 1992. Medical Mycology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa.
48. Larsh, H. W., and, J. Schwarz. 1977. Accidental inoculation blastomycosis. Cutis 19: 334– 335., 337.
49. Larson, D. M.,, M. R. Eckman,, C. L. Alber, and, V. Goldschmidt. 1983. Primary cutaneous (inoculation) blastomycosis: an occupational hazard to pathologists. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 79: 253– 255.
50. Litvintseva, A. P., L. Kestenbaum, R. Vilgalys, and, T. G. Mitchell. 2005. Comparative analysis of environmental and clinical populations of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 556– 564.
51. Liu, K.,, D. N. Howell,, J. R. Perfect,, and W. A. Schell. 1997. Morphologic criteria for the preliminary identification of Fusarium, Paecilomyces, and Acremonium species by histopathology. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 109: 45– 54.
52. MacCallum, D. M., and, F. C. Odds. 2004. Safety aspects of working with Candida albicans-infected mice. Med. Mycol. 42: 305– 309.
53. Marty, P.,, S. Brun, and, M. Gari-Toussain. 2000. Systemic tropical mycoses. Med. Trop. 60: 281– 290.
54. McGinnis, M. R. 1980. Laboratory Handbook of Medical Mycology, p. 58. Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.Y.
55. Miller, J. D.,, T. G. Rand, and, B. B. Jarvis. 2003a. Stachybotrys chartarum: cause of human disease or media darling? Med. Mycol. 41: 271– 291.
56. Miller, M. J.,, H. T. Holmes,, and K. Krishner. 2003b. General principles of specimen collection and handling, p. 55–66. In P. R. Murray,, E. J. Baron,, J. H. Jorgensen,, M. A. Pfaller, and, R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed., vol. 1. ASM Press, Washington, D. C.
57. Mochon, A. B., and, J. E. Cutler. 2005. Is a vaccine needed against Candida albicans? Med. Mycol. 43: 97– 115.
58. Moore, J. J., and, D. J. Davis. 1918. Sporotrichosis following mouse bite with certain immunologic data. J. Infect. Dis. 23: 252– 266.
59. Morris, A.,, W. A. Schell,, D. McDonagh,, S. Chafee, and, J. R. Perfect. 1995. Fonsecaea pedrosoi pneumonia and Emericella nidulans cerebral abscesses in a bone marrow transplant patient. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21: 1346– 1348.
60. Morris, S. K., and, C. K. Nguyen. 2004. Blastomycosis. Univ. Tor. Med. J. 81: 172– 175.
61. Nosanchuk, J. D.,, A. Mednick,, L. Shi, and, A. Casadevall. 2003. Experimental murine cryptococcal infection results in contamination of bedding with Cryptococcus neoformans. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 42: 9– 12.
62. Odds, F. C. 1988. Candida and Candidosis, p. 71–82. Bailliçre Tindall, London, England.
63. Office of Laboratory Security, Public Health Agency of Canada. 2001. Material Safety Data Sheet: Candida albicans. Office of Laboratory Security, Agency of Canada, Ottawa.
64. Orth, B.,, R. Frei,, P. H. Itin,, M. G. Rinaldi,, B. Speck,, A. Gratwohl, and, A. F. Widmer. 1996. Outbreak of invasive mycoses caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus from a contaminated skin lotion. Ann. Intern. Med. 125: 799– 806.
65. Pappagianis, D. 1998. Coccidioides immitis, p. 357–371. In L. Ajello and, R. J. Hay (ed.), Topley & Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed., vol. 4. Medical Mycology. Arnold, London, England.
66. Patterson, T. F.,, W. R. Kirkpatrick,, M. White, J. W. Hiemenz, J. R. Wingard, B. Dupont, M. G. Rinaldi, D. A. Stevens, and, J. R. Graybill. 2000. Invasive aspergillosis: disease spectrum, treatment practices, and outcomes. Medicine 79: 250– 260.
67. Perfect, J. R., and, A. Casadevall. 2002. Cryptococcosis. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 16: 837– 874.
68. Perry, H. D., and, E. D. Donnenfeld. 1990. Cryptococcal keratitis after keratoplasty. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 110: 320– 321.
69. Ramsey, F. K., and, G. R. Carter. 1952. Canine blastomycosis in the United States. J. Am. Vet. Assoc. 120: 93– 98.
70. Reid, J. D.,, J. H. Scherer,, P. A. Herbut, and, H. Irving. 1942. Systemic histoplasmosis. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 27: 419– 434.
71. Schell, W. A. 1995. New aspects of emerging fungal pathogens. A multifaceted challenge. Clin. Lab. Med. 15: 365– 387.
72. Schell, W. A. 1998. Agents of chromoblastomycosis and sporotrichosis, p. 315–336. In, 9th ed., vol. 4. L. Ajello and, R. J. Hay (ed.), Topley & Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections, Medical Mycology. Arnold, London, England.
73. Schell, W. A. 2000a. Histopathology of fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am. 33: 251– 276.
74. Schell, W. A. 2000b. Unusual fungal pathogens in fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am. 33: 367– 373.
75. Schell, W. A. 2003. Dematiaceous hyphomycetes, p. 565–636. In D. H. Howard (ed.), Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals, 2nd ed., revised and expanded. Marcel Dekker, New York, N.Y.
76. Schell, W. A.,, G. N. Foulks, and, J. R. Perfect. 2000. Fungal infections of the eye, p. 160–171. In D. M. Albert and, F. A. Jakobiec (ed.), Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 2nd ed., W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa.
77. Schell, W. A., and, M. R. McGinnis. 1988. Molds involved in subcutaneous infections, p. 99–171. In B. B. Wentworth (ed.), Diagnostic Procedures for Bacterial, Mycotic, and Parasitic Infections, 7th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
78. Schell, W. A.,, I. F. Salkin,, and M. R. McGinnis. R. McGinnis.. Bipolaris, Exophiala, Scedosporium, Sporothrix, and other dematiaceous fungi, p. 1820–1847. In M. A. Pfaller and, R. A. Fromtling (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed., vol. 2. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
79. Schwarz, J. 1983. Laboratory infections with fungi, p. 215–227. In A. F. Di Salvo (ed.), Occupational Mycoses. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa.
80. Segretain, G. 1959. Penicillium marneffei n. sp., agent d’une mycose du systeme reticulo-endothelial. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 11: 327– 353.
81. Sigler, L. 2003. Miscellaneous opportunistic fungi: Microascaceae and other ascomycetes, hyphomycetes, coelomycetes and basidiomycetes, p. 638–676. In D. H. Howard (ed.), Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals, 2nd ed., revised and expanded. Marcel Dekker, New York, N.Y.
82. Sorensen, R., and, S. Cheu. 1964. Accidental cutaneous coccidioidal infection in an immune person. Calif. Med. 100: 44– 47.
83. Sorenson, W. G. 2001. Occupational respiratory disease: organic dust toxic syndrome, p. 145–153. In B. Flannigan,, R. A. Samson, and, J. D. Miller (ed.), Microorganisms in Home and Indoor Work Environments. Taylor & Frances, London, England.
84. Spicknall, C. G.,, W. W. Ryan, and, A. Cain. 1956. Laboratory-acquired histoplasmosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 254: 210– 214.
85. Stringer, S. P., and, M. W. Ryan. 2000. Chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am. 33: 375– 387.
86. Summerbell, R. 2003. Ascomycetes: Aspergillus, Fusarium, Sporothrix, Piedraia, and their relatives, p. 237–498. In D. H. Howard (ed.), Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals, 2nd ed., revised and expanded. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.
87. Tesh, R., and, J. Schneiday. 1966. Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 275: 597– 599.
88. Tosh, F. E.,, J. Balhuizen,, J. L. Yates, and, C. A. Brasher. 1964. Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis: report of a case. Arch. Intern. Med. 114: 118– 119.
89. Trimble, J. R., and, J. Doucette. 1956. Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis: report of a case of a laboratory infection. Arch. Dermatol. 74: 405– 410.
90. U.S. Department of Agriculture—Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. 2002. Title 7 CFR Part 331 and Title 9 CFR Part 121. Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002; Possession, Use, and Transfer of Biological Agents and Toxins; interim final rule. Fed. Regist. 67: 76908– 76938.
91. U.S. Department of Agriculture—Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. 2005. Part II. Title 7 CFR Part 331 and Title 9 CFR Part 121. Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002; Possession, Use, and Transfer of Biological Agents and Toxins; final rule. Fed. Regist. 70: 13242– 13292.
92. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2002. Part IV Title 42 CFR Part 73, Office of the Inspector General, Title 42 CFR Part 1003, Possession, Use and Transfer of Select Agents and Toxins; interim final rule. Fed. Regist. 67: 76886– 76905.
93. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2005. Part III. Title 42 CFR 72 and 73, Office of the Inspector General 42 CFR Part 1003; Possession, Use, and Transfer of Select Agents and Toxins; final rule. Fed. Regist. 70: 13294– 13325.
94. Vazquez, J. A. 2003. Rhodotorula, Malassezia, Trichosporon, and other yeast-like fungi, p. 206–217. In W. E. Dismukes,, P. G. Pappas, and, J. D. Sobel (ed.), Clinical Mycology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
95. Velazquez, R.,, B. Munoz-Hernandez,, R. Arenas,, M. L. Taylor,, F. Hernandez-Hernandez,, M. E. Manjarrez, and, R. Lopez-Martinez. 2003. An imported case of Blastomyces dermatitidis infection in Mexico. Mycopathologia 156: 263– 267.
96. Verghese, S.,, D. Arjundas,, K. C. Krishnakumar,, P. Padmaja,, D. Elizabeth,, A. A. Padhye, and, D. W. Warnock. 2002. Coccidioidomycosis in India: report of a second imported case. Med. Mycol. 40: 307– 309.
97. Wilder, W., and, C. McCollough. 1914. Sporotrichosis of the eye. JAMA 62: 1156– 1160.
98. Williamson, E. C.,, D. Speers, I. H. Arthur,, G. Harnett,, G. Ryan, and, T. J. Inglis. 2001. Molecular epidemiology of Scedosporium apiospermum infection determined by PCR amplification of ribosomal intergenic spacer sequences in patients with chronic lung disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 47– 50.
99. Zaas, A. K.,, M. Boyce,, W. Schell,, J. L. Miller,, B. Alexander-Lodge, and, J. R. Perfect. 2003. Rhodotorula fungemia: risks and antifungal susceptibility. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 5233– 5235.
100. Zerwekh, J. T.,, R. J. Emery,, S. C. Waring, and, S. Lillibridge. 2004. Using the results of routine laboratory workplace surveillance activities to assess compliance with recommended biosafety guidelines. Appl. Biosafety 92: 76– 83.

Tables

Mycotic Agents of Human Disease
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555815899.ch08-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555815899.ch08-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Wiley A., foaf_name=Wiley A. Schell, foaf_surname=Schell}]]
Citation: Schell W. 2006. Mycotic Agents of Human Disease, p 163-178. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch8
/content/10.1128/9781555815899.ch08.ch08tab01
TABLE 1
Laboratory-acquired mycoses
Generic image for table
TABLE 1

Laboratory-acquired mycoses

Citation: Schell W. 2006. Mycotic Agents of Human Disease, p 163-178. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch8

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error