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Chapter 27 : Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory

Authors: David S. Bressler, Robert J. Hawley
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2006

Category: Clinical Microbiology; Applied and Industrial Microbiology

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Abstract:

This chapter addresses some of the basic safety issues and risk assessment considerations for those individuals who will be affiliated with biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory operations. It also discusses basic laboratory design and engineering considerations for reducing daily operational risks in these unique laboratories. The class III biological safety cabinet was designed for work at BSL-4 with microbiological agents, and it offers the highest degree of personnel and environmental protection from infectious aerosols, as well as protection of research materials from microbiological contaminants. The laboratory-specific BSL-4 safety and operations manual and its comprehensive protocols should be read by trainees and used for refresher training of experienced personnel. A supervised apprenticeship is completed when the trainer is satisfied that the trainee fully understands all of the principles of BSL-4 operations, and has satisfactorily demonstrated the requisite skills and temperament to work in the BSL-4 environment. Factors influencing the external containment envelope include clothing change room, personal shower and chemical disinfectant shower. Factors influencing the inside containment envelope include laboratory, microbiological security and communication training. The increase in construction of BSL-4 laboratories is the result of the need to study new and emerging diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality, as well as the concern that bioterrorists may use weaponized versions of exotic disease agents.

Citation: Bressler D, Hawley R. 2006. Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory, p 487-508. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch27

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Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory
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Citation: Bressler D, Hawley R. 2006. Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory, p 487-508. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch27
/content/10.1128/9781555815899.ch27.ch27fig01
FIGURE 1
Class III biological safety cabinet (CDC).
10.1128/9781555815899/f0488-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815899/f0488-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Class III biological safety cabinet (CDC).

Citation: Bressler D, Hawley R. 2006. Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory, p 487-508. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch27
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/content/10.1128/9781555815899.ch27.ch27fig02
FIGURE 2
Class III biological safety cabinet (USAMRIID).
10.1128/9781555815899/f0489-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815899/f0489-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Class III biological safety cabinet (USAMRIID).

Citation: Bressler D, Hawley R. 2006. Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory, p 487-508. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch27
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555815899.ch27.ch27fig03
FIGURE 3
Generalized class III biological safety cabinet laboratory.
10.1128/9781555815899/f0493-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815899/f0493-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

Generalized class III biological safety cabinet laboratory.

Citation: Bressler D, Hawley R. 2006. Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory, p 487-508. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch27
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/content/10.1128/9781555815899.ch27.ch27fig04
FIGURE 4
Personal protective suit laboratory (CDC).
10.1128/9781555815899/f0495-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815899/f0495-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4

Personal protective suit laboratory (CDC).

Citation: Bressler D, Hawley R. 2006. Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory, p 487-508. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch27
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555815899.ch27.ch27fig05
FIGURE 5
Generalized BSL-4 protective suit laboratory.
10.1128/9781555815899/f0499-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815899/f0499-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5

Generalized BSL-4 protective suit laboratory.

Citation: Bressler D, Hawley R. 2006. Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory, p 487-508. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch27
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References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555815899.ch27
1. Abraham, G., J. Muschialli, and, D. Middleton. 2002. Animal experimentation in level 4 facilities, p. 343–359. In J. Y. Richmond (ed.), Anthology of Biosafety V. BSL-4 Laboratories. American Biological Safety Association, Mundelein, Ill.
2. Alderman, L. 2000. Construction and commissioning guidelines for biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) facilities, p. 82–87. In J. Y. Richmond (ed.), Anthology of Biosafety II. Facility Design Considerations. American Biological Safety Association, Mundelein, Ill.
3. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2005. Agricultural Bio-terrorism Protection Act of 2002: Possession, Use and Transfer of Biological Agents and Toxins; final rule (7 CFR Part 331; 9 CFR Part 121). Fed. Regist. 70: 13278– 13292.
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12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2005. Possession, Use and Transfer of Select Agents and Toxins; final rule (42 CFR Part 73). Fed. Regist. 70: 13316– 13325.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization. 1998. Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting. CDC, Atlanta, Ga.
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16. Hawley, R. J., P. R. Pittman, and, J. A. Nerges. 2000. Maximum containment for researchers exposed to biosafety level 4 agents, p. 35–53. In J. Y. Richmond (ed.), Anthology of Biosafety II. Facility Design Considerations. American Biological Safety Association, Mundelein, Ill.
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20. Le Blanc Smith, P. M., and, S. F. Edwards. 2002. Working at biosafety level 4—contain the operator or contain the bug, p. 209–236. In J. Y. Richmond (ed.), Anthology of Biosafety V. BSL-4 Laboratories. American Biological Safety Association, Mundelein, Ill.
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23. National Research Council. 1996. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
24. Royse, C., and, B. Johnson. 2002. Security considerations for microbiological and biomedical facilities, p. 131–148. In J. Y. Richmond (ed.), Anthology of Biosafety V. BSL-4 Laboratories. American Biological Safety Association, Mundelein, Ill.
25. Stuart, D.,, J. Hilliard,, R. Henkel,, J. Kelley, and, J. Richmond. 1999. Role of the class III biological safety cabinet in achieving biological safety level 4 containment, p. 149–160. In J. Y. Richmond (ed.), Anthology of Biosafety I. Perspectives on Laboratory Design. American Biological Safety Association, Mundelein, Ill.
26. U.S. Department of Labor. 2004. Occupational noise exposure. Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations Part 1910.95, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, D.C.
27. Wilhelmsen, C. L.,, N. K. Jaax, and, K. Davis III. 2002. Animal necropsy in maximum Containment, p. 361–408. In J. Y. Richmond (ed.), Anthology of BiosafetyV. BSL-4 Laboratories. American Biological Safety Association, Mundelein, Ill.

Tables

Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory
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Citation: Bressler D, Hawley R. 2006. Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory, p 487-508. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch27
/content/10.1128/9781555815899.ch27.ch27tab01
TABLE 1
Maximum-containment conditions for work in the laboratory (BSL-4) or with animals (ABSL-4)
Generic image for table
TABLE 1

Maximum-containment conditions for work in the laboratory (BSL-4) or with animals (ABSL-4)

Citation: Bressler D, Hawley R. 2006. Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory, p 487-508. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch27
/content/10.1128/9781555815899.ch27.ch27tab02
TABLE 2
Example of BSL-4 job hazard analysis
Generic image for table
TABLE 2

Example of BSL-4 job hazard analysis

Citation: Bressler D, Hawley R. 2006. Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory, p 487-508. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch27
/content/10.1128/9781555815899.ch27.ch27tab03
TABLE 3
Advantages and disadvantages of using a class III biological safety cabinet
Generic image for table
TABLE 3

Advantages and disadvantages of using a class III biological safety cabinet

Citation: Bressler D, Hawley R. 2006. Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory, p 487-508. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch27
/content/10.1128/9781555815899.ch27.ch27tab04
TABLE 4
Advantages and disadvantages of using a personal protective suit
Generic image for table
TABLE 4

Advantages and disadvantages of using a personal protective suit

Citation: Bressler D, Hawley R. 2006. Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory, p 487-508. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch27
/content/10.1128/9781555815899.ch27.ch27tab05
TABLE 5
List of training and proficiency items for the BSL-4 environment
Generic image for table
TABLE 5

List of training and proficiency items for the BSL-4 environment

Citation: Bressler D, Hawley R. 2006. Safety Considerations in the Biosafety Level 4 Maximum-Containment Laboratory, p 487-508. In Fleming D, Hunt D (ed), Biological Safety. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815899.ch27

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