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Chapter 27 : Foodborne Viral Pathogens

Authors: Doris H. D’Souza1, Christine L. Moe2, Lee-Ann Jaykus3
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Affiliations: 1: Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4591; 2: Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; 3: Dept. of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7624
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2007

Category: Applied and Industrial Microbiology; Food Microbiology

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Abstract:

Human enteric viruses have properties that are unique from those of bacterial foodborne pathogens. From an epidemiologic perspective, the noroviruses (NoVs) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are the two most important enteric virus groups transmitted by foodborne routes. Human isolates of HAV comprise a single serotype, and monoclonal antibodies raised to different isolates fail to distinguish the isolates from one another. The rotaviruses usually are transmitted by either waterborne or person-to-person routes, but they can be food borne. This virus group is the leading cause of infantile diarrhea worldwide and is responsible for up to 130 million illnesses and 600,000 to 870,000 deaths per year, with the vast majority of rotavirus associated deaths occurring in developing countries. The contamination of produce items usually occurs before the product reaches food service establishments. The most commonly implicated bivalves are oysters, followed by clams, and it is now estimated that human enteric viruses are the most common disease agents transmitted by molluscan shellfish. Adherence to strict hygienic practices when handling and preparing foods is critical to control viral contamination of ready-to-eat (RTE) food products. A potential control strategy, albeit in developmental stages, would be the detection of viral contamination in foods. Improved and more widespread reporting and investigation of foodborne viral disease outbreaks, and targeted epidemiologic studies to identify the risk factors for viral gastroenteritis, would improve the understanding of attribution.

Citation: D’Souza D, Moe C, Jaykus L. 2007. Foodborne Viral Pathogens, p 581-607. In Doyle M, Beuchat L (ed), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815912.ch27
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Foodborne Viral Pathogens
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Citation: D’Souza D, Moe C, Jaykus L. 2007. Foodborne Viral Pathogens, p 581-607. In Doyle M, Beuchat L (ed), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815912.ch27
/content/10.1128/9781555815912.ch27.ch27fig01
Figure 27.1
Norwalk virus genome organization (adapted from Green et al. [ ] with permission). VPg, genome-linked virion protein. ORF1 encodes polyprotein posttranslationally cleaved into nonstructural proteins helicase, with a predicted nucleoside triphosphate-binding domain (NTPase); proteinase (Pro); and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Pol). ORF2 encodes capsid protein, which is translated into major and minor structural proteins which consist of shell and protruding domains. N, NH-terminal arm; S, shell. ORF3 encodes a basic protein of unknown function.
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10.1128/9781555815912/f0582-01.gif
Image of Figure 27.1
Figure 27.1

Norwalk virus genome organization (adapted from Green et al. [ ] with permission). VPg, genome-linked virion protein. ORF1 encodes polyprotein posttranslationally cleaved into nonstructural proteins helicase, with a predicted nucleoside triphosphate-binding domain (NTPase); proteinase (Pro); and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Pol). ORF2 encodes capsid protein, which is translated into major and minor structural proteins which consist of shell and protruding domains. N, NH-terminal arm; S, shell. ORF3 encodes a basic protein of unknown function.

Citation: D’Souza D, Moe C, Jaykus L. 2007. Foodborne Viral Pathogens, p 581-607. In Doyle M, Beuchat L (ed), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815912.ch27
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Figure 27.2
HAV genome organization (adapted from Hollinger and Emerson [ ] with permission). 5′ untranslated region (624 to 1,199 nt long); VPg, genome-linked virion protein, 22 to 24 amino acids. The single open reading frame encodes polyprotein posttrans- lationally cleaved into VP1, VP2, and VP3, which form the capsid; VP4 is the inner surface capsid protein. 2A, unknown function; 2B, RNA synthesis and cell membrane permeability; 2C, RNA replication; 3A and 3B, RNA replication proteins, cofactor for 3D; 3C, viral proteinases; 3D, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Poly (A) tail, about 35 to 100 nt long. 3′ UTR, 3′ UTR, 5′ untranslated region (47 to 125 nt long).
10.1128/9781555815912/f0583-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815912/f0583-01.gif
Image of Figure 27.2
Figure 27.2

HAV genome organization (adapted from Hollinger and Emerson [ ] with permission). 5′ untranslated region (624 to 1,199 nt long); VPg, genome-linked virion protein, 22 to 24 amino acids. The single open reading frame encodes polyprotein posttrans- lationally cleaved into VP1, VP2, and VP3, which form the capsid; VP4 is the inner surface capsid protein. 2A, unknown function; 2B, RNA synthesis and cell membrane permeability; 2C, RNA replication; 3A and 3B, RNA replication proteins, cofactor for 3D; 3C, viral proteinases; 3D, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Poly (A) tail, about 35 to 100 nt long. 3′ UTR, 3′ UTR, 5′ untranslated region (47 to 125 nt long).

Citation: D’Souza D, Moe C, Jaykus L. 2007. Foodborne Viral Pathogens, p 581-607. In Doyle M, Beuchat L (ed), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815912.ch27
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Figure 27.3
Transmission routes of foodborne viruses.
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10.1128/9781555815912/f0585-01.gif
Image of Figure 27.3
Figure 27.3

Transmission routes of foodborne viruses.

Citation: D’Souza D, Moe C, Jaykus L. 2007. Foodborne Viral Pathogens, p 581-607. In Doyle M, Beuchat L (ed), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815912.ch27
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Figure 27.4
Representative processing scheme for the concentration of viruses from complex food matrices (modification of method reported by Leggitt and Jaykus [ ]). PEG, polyethylene glycol.
10.1128/9781555815912/f0597-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815912/f0597-01.gif
Image of Figure 27.4
Figure 27.4

Representative processing scheme for the concentration of viruses from complex food matrices (modification of method reported by Leggitt and Jaykus [ ]). PEG, polyethylene glycol.

Citation: D’Souza D, Moe C, Jaykus L. 2007. Foodborne Viral Pathogens, p 581-607. In Doyle M, Beuchat L (ed), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815912.ch27
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Tables

Foodborne Viral Pathogens
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Citation: D’Souza D, Moe C, Jaykus L. 2007. Foodborne Viral Pathogens, p 581-607. In Doyle M, Beuchat L (ed), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815912.ch27
/content/10.1128/9781555815912.ch27.ch27tab01
Table 27.1
Representative viral foodborne disease outbreaks
Generic image for table
Table 27.1

Representative viral foodborne disease outbreaks

Citation: D’Souza D, Moe C, Jaykus L. 2007. Foodborne Viral Pathogens, p 581-607. In Doyle M, Beuchat L (ed), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815912.ch27
/content/10.1128/9781555815912.ch27.ch27tab02
Table 27.2
Representative studies on enteric viral disinfection
Generic image for table
Table 27.2

Representative studies on enteric viral disinfection

Citation: D’Souza D, Moe C, Jaykus L. 2007. Foodborne Viral Pathogens, p 581-607. In Doyle M, Beuchat L (ed), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815912.ch27

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