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Chapter 4 : Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology

Author: A. Bryskier
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2005

Category: Bacterial Pathogenesis

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Abstract:

This chapter deals with the antibacterial agent that is only one molecule among a series of compounds prepared by chemists before becoming a drug. Preselection is a crucial stage in the life of a new drug. Once a molecule is synthesized, its in vitro activity against a panel of strains belonging to selected bacterial genera and species is determined. Activity against producing penicillinase is added, as well as that against and . Strains resistant to clindamycin and cephamycins must be included for gram-negative bacilli. Nondiscriminatory models are prepared during the preselection phase of a molecule. After determining the in vitro activity, it is essential to determine the in vivo activity parenterally and orally. In fact, the in vitro activity is not necessarily correlated with good in vivo activity. In these systemic infection models, activity is tested against gram-positive cocci, , and . The susceptibility of the bacterial strain considered responsible for the infection is determined in the clinical microbiology laboratory of the center in which the study is being conducted. However, semiautomatic devices related to the antibiotic sensitivity test are used by some microbiology laboratories. Determination of breakpoints is one of the major factors for an antibiotic. The mechanism of resistance is an important factor for determining breakpoints for given bacteria. The MIC at which these bacterial species are shown to be resistant is the cutoff and can be considered as the concentration under which the strain is considered susceptible.

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4

Key Concept Ranking

Antibacterial Agents
1.0007824
Bacterial Proteins
0.8533194
Gram-Negative Bacteria
0.51479363
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
0.48400864
Fourth Generation Cephalosporins
0.46979126
1.0007824
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References

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Tables

Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology
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Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab01
Table 1
In vitro activities of cephalosporins against
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Table 1

In vitro activities of cephalosporins against

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab02
Table 2
Generic image for table
Table 2

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab03
Table 3
Generic image for table
Table 3

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab04
Table 4
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Table 4

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab05
Table 5
Generic image for table
Table 5

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab06
Table 6
Stability of ansamycins in 7 H9 medium with or without Tween 80
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Table 6

Stability of ansamycins in 7 H9 medium with or without Tween 80

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab07
Table 7
Generic image for table
Table 7

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab08
Table 8
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Table 8

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab09
Table 9
Effect of urine on the activities of ofloxacin and norfloxacin
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Table 9

Effect of urine on the activities of ofloxacin and norfloxacin

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab10
Table 10
Radius for levofloxacin according to Joan Stokes’s method
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Table 10

Radius for levofloxacin according to Joan Stokes’s method

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab11
Table 11
In vitro activities of combination of cefotaxime and its main metabolite
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Table 11

In vitro activities of combination of cefotaxime and its main metabolite

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab12
Table 12
In vitro activities of carbapenems against MRSA strains
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Table 12

In vitro activities of carbapenems against MRSA strains

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab13
Table 13
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Table 13

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab14
Table 14
Breakpoints of metronidazole against
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Table 14

Breakpoints of metronidazole against

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab15
Table 15
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Table 15

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab16
Table 16
Zone of inhibition for 50% of clinical isolates resistant to aminoglycosides (1989 to 1991)
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Table 16

Zone of inhibition for 50% of clinical isolates resistant to aminoglycosides (1989 to 1991)

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab17
Table 17
Activities of β-lactams against ampicillin-resistant and non-β-lactamase-producing
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Table 17

Activities of β-lactams against ampicillin-resistant and non-β-lactamase-producing

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4
/content/10.1128/9781555815929.ch04.ch04tab18
Table 18
Performance of telithromycin when microdilution panels were prepared with eight different types of working solutions of telithromycin
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Table 18

Performance of telithromycin when microdilution panels were prepared with eight different types of working solutions of telithromycin

Citation: Bryskier A. 2005. Development of an Antibiotic: Microbiology, p 93-112. In Bryskier, M.D. A (ed), Antimicrobial Agents. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815929.ch4

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