1887

Chapter 9 :

Author: Keith A. Lampel1
VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations: 1: Food and Drug Administration, HFS-710, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2010

Category: Food Microbiology; Applied and Industrial Microbiology

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:
Preview Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

, Page 1 of 2

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815936/9781555814595_Chap09-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815936/9781555814595_Chap09-2.gif

Abstract:

Diarrheal diseases afflict a significant number of the world’s population each year. Estimates of disease caused by spp. on a yearly basis worldwide range from 164.7 to 200 million people infected, with nearly 1.1 million deaths attributed to this pathogen. Destruction of the intestinal epithelial cells and mucosal inflammation is a consequence of the host’s polymorphonuclear leukocytes and a subsequent recruitment influx of chemokines and cytokines at the sites of invasion. Shigellosis is a highly communicable disease due in part to the rapid spread of the pathogen within certain populations, particularly in crowded communities and/or in environments with poor sanitary conditions. The primary means of human-to-human transmission of is by the fecal-oral route. Most cases of shigellosis are caused by the ingestion of fecal-contaminated food or water. Surveillance of food-borne illnesses caused by spp. continues in many countries, with many reporting to a central repository at the World Health Organization. Introduction of into foods, particularly raw vegetables/produce, most likely occurs during processing, including irrigation, harvesting, and hand packaging. Food matrices have diverse effects on the ability of the pathogen to either grow or survive. Technology of today can be the basis of instruments in the near future that will result in analysis being completed in real time and being automated and portable, two assets that will definitely impact food safety and food defense.

Citation: Lampel K. 2010. , p 131-145. In Juneja V, Sofos J (ed), Pathogens and Toxins in Foods. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815936.ch9
Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555815936.ch09
1. Alamanos, Y.,, V. Maipa,, S. Levidiotou,, and E. Gessouli. 2000. A community waterborne outbreak of gastro-enteritis attributed to Shigella sonnei. Epidemiol. Infect. 125: 499– 503.
2. Andrews, W. H. 1989. Methods for recovering injured classical enteric pathogenic bacteria ( Salmonella, Shigella, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli) from foods, p. 55–113. In B. Ray (ed.), Injured Index and Pathogenic Bacteria: Occurrence and Detection in Foods, Water, and Feeds, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
3. Andrews, W. H.,, and A. Jacobsen. 2001. Chapter 6, Shigella, p. 6.01–6.06. In Bacteriological Analytical Manual, 8th ed. International AOAC, Gaithersburg, MD.
4. Bagamboula, C. F.,, M. Uyttendaele,, and J. Debevere, J. 2002a. Acid tolerance of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. J. Appl. Microbiol. 93: 479– 486.
5. Bagamboula, C. F.,, M. Uyttendaele,, and J. Debevere. 2002b. Growth and survival of Shigella sonnei and S. flexneri in minimal processed vegetables packed under equilibrium modified atmosphere and stored at 7°C and 12°C. Food Microbiol. 19: 529– 536.
6. Banish, L. S.,, R. Sims,, M. Bush,, D. Sack,, and R. J. Montali. 1993. Clearance of Shigella flexneri carriers in a zoologic collection of primates. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 203: 133– 136.
7. Bean, N. H.,, and P. M. Griffin. 1990. Foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1973–1987: pathogens, vehicles, and trends. J. Food Protect. 53: 804– 817.
8. Bennish, M. L. 1991. Potentially lethal complications of shigellosis. Rev. Infect. Dis. 13(Suppl 4): S319– S324.
9. Beru, N.,, and P. Salsbury. 2002. FDA’s produce safety activities. Food Saf. Mag. 8: 14– 19.
10. Brenner, D. J.,, G. E. Fanning,, K. E. Johnson,, R. V. Citarella,, and S. Falkow. 1969. Polynucleotide sequence relationships among members of the Enterobacteriaceae. J. Bacteriol. 98: 637– 650.
11. Brewerton, D. A.,, M. Caffrey,, A. Nicholls,, D. Walters,, J. K. Oates,, and D. C. O. James. 1973. Reiter’s disease and HLA-B27. Lancet i: 996– 998.
12. Bunning, V. K.,, R. B. Raybourne,, and D. L. Archer. 1988. Foodborne enterobacterial pathogens and rheumatoid disease. J. Appl. Bacteriol. Symp. 65(Suppl.): 87S– 107S.
13. Castillo, A.,, A. Villarruel-Lopez,, V. Navarro-Hidalgo,, N. E. Martinez-Gonzalez,, and M. R. Torres-Vitela. 2006. Salmonella and Shigella in freshly squeezed orange juice, fresh oranges, and wiping cloths collected from public markets and street booths in Guadalajara, Mexico: incidence and comparison of analytical routes. J. Food Prot. 69: 2595– 2599.
14. CDC. 1994. Outbreak of Shigella flexneri 2a infections on a cruise ship. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 43: 657.
15. CDC. 1999. Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infection associated with eating fresh parsley—United States and Canada. July-August, 1998. MMWR Morbid. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 48: 285– 289.
16. CDC. 2000. Public health dispatch: outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections associated with eating a nationally distributed dip— California, Oregon, and Washington, January 2000. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 49: 60– 61.
17. CDC. 2005. Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infections with pathogens transmitted commonly through food— 10 sites, United States. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 54: 352– 356.
18. CDC. 2006a. Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water—United States, 2003–2004. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 55: 1– 24.
19. CDC. 2006b. Ongoing multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 infections associated with consumption of fresh spinach—United States, September 2006. MMWR Morbid. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 55: 1045– 1046.
20. CDC. 2007a. Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food—10 States, 2006. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 56: 336– 339.
21. CDC. 2007b. Summary of notifiable diseases—United States, 2005. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 54: 2– 92.
22. Cilia, V.,, B. Lafay,, and R. Christen. 1996. Sequence heterogeneities among 16S ribosomal RNA sequences, and their effect on phylo-genetic analyses at the species level. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13: 451– 461.
23. Codex. 2003a. Codex general standard for irradiated foods. CODEX STAN 106-1983, Rev.1–2003. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization, Rome, Italy.
24. Codex. 2003b. Recommended international code of practice for the radiation processing of food. CAC/RCP 19–1979, Rev.1–2003. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization, Rome, Italy.
25. Coimbra, R. S.,, G. Nicastro,, P. A. D. Grimont,, and F. Grimont. 2001. Computer identification of Shigella species by rRNA gene restriction patterns. Res. Microbiol. 152: 47– 55.
26. Craun, M. F.,, G. F. Craun,, R. L. Calderon,, and M. J. Beach. 2006. Waterborne outbreaks reported in the United States. J. Water Health 4(Suppl. 2): 19– 30.
27. DuPont, H. L.,, M. M. Levine,, R. B. Hornick,, and S. B. Formal. 1989. Inoculum size in shigellosis and implications for expected mode of transmission. J. Infect. Dis. 159: 1126– 1128.
28. Edwards, P. R., and W. H. Ewing. 1972. Identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis, MN.
29. Falkow, S.,, H. Schneider,, T. J. Magnani,, and S. B. Formal. 1963. Virulence of Escherichia-Shigella genetic hybrids for the guinea pig. J. Bacteriol. 86: 1251– 1258.
30. Gessner, B. D.,, and M. Beller. 1994. Moose soup shigellosis in Alaska. West. J. Med. 160: 430– 433.
31. Goma Epidemiology Group. 1995. Public health impact of Rwandan refugee crisis: what happened in Goma, Zaire, in July, 1994? Lancet 345: 339– 344.
32. Groth, E. 2007. Food irradiation for fresh produce. The Organic Center critical issue report. www.organic-center.org.
33. Guerrero, L.,, J. J. Calva,, A. L. Morrow,, F. R. Velazquez,, F. Tuz-Dzib,, Y. Lopez-Vidal,, H. Ortega,, H. Arroyo,, T. G. Cleary,, L. K. Pickering,, and G. M. Ruiz-Palacios. 1994. Asymptomatic Shigella infections in a cohort of Mexican children younger than two years of age. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 13: 597– 602.
34. Hall, P. A. 1994. Scope for rapid microbiological methods in modern food production, p. 255–267. In P. Patel (ed.), Rapid Analysis Techniques in Food Microbiology. Blackie Academic & Professional, New York, NY.
35. Hedberg, C. W.,, W. C. Levine,, K. E. White,, R. H. Carlson,, D. K. Winsor,, D. N. Cameron,, K. L. MacDonald,, and M. T. Osterholm. 1992. An international food borne outbreak of shigellosis associated with a commercial airline. JAMA 268: 3208– 3212.
36. Hossain, M. A.,, K. Z. Hasan,, and M. J. Albert. 1994. Shigella carriers among non-diarrhoeal children in an endemic area of shigellosis in Bangladesh. Trop. Geogr. Med. 46: 40– 42.
37. ICMSF. 1996. Shigella, p. 280–298. Microorganisms in Foods 5. Blackie Academic & Professional, London, United Kingdom.
38. Islam, M. S.,, M. A. Hossain,, S. I. Khan,, M. N. H. Khan,, R. B. Sack,, M. J. Albert,, A. Hug,, and R. R. Colwell. 2001. Survival of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 on fomites. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 19: 177– 182.
39. Jin, Q.,, Z. Yuan,, J. Xu,, Y. Wang,, Y. Shen,, W. Lu,, J. Wang,, H. Liu,, J. Yang,, F. Yang,, X. Zhang,, J. Zhang,, G. Yang,, H. Wu,, D. Qu,, J. Dong,, L. Sun,, Y. Xue,, A. Zhao,, Y. Gao,, J. Zhu,, B. Kan,, K. Ding,, S. Chen,, H. Cheng,, Z. Yao,, B. He,, R. Chen,, D. Ma,, B. Qiang,, Y. Wen,, Y. Hou,, and J. Yu. 2002. Genome sequence of Shigella flexneri 2a: insights into pathogenicity through comparison with genomes of Escherichia coli K12 and O157. Nucleic Acids Res. 30: 4432– 4441.
40. Johnson, J. R. 1999. Shigella and E. coli. ASM News 65: 460– 461.
41. Kapperud, G.,, L. M. Rorvik,, V. Hasseltvedt,, E. A. Hoiby,, B. G. Iversen,, K. Staveland,, G. Johnsen,, J. Leitao,, H. Herikstad,, Y. Andersson,, G. Langeland,, B. Gondrosen,, and J. Lassen. 1995. Outbreak of Shigella sonnei infection traced to imported iceberg lettuce. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 609– 614.
42. Karmali, M. A.,, M. Petric,, C. Lim,, P. C. Fleming,, G. S. Arbus,, and H. Lior. 1985. The association between idiopathic hemolytic syndrome and infection by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. J. Infect. Dis. 151: 775– 782.
43. Kennedy, F. M.,, J. Astbury,, J. R. Needham,, and T. Cheasty. 1993. Shigellosis due to occupational contact with non-human primates. Epidemiol. Infect. 110: 247– 257.
44. Kimura, A. C.,, K. Johnson,, M. S. Palumbo,, J. Hopkins,, J. C. Boase,, R. Reporter,, M. Goldoft,, K. R. Stefonek,, J. A. Farrar,, T. J. Van Gilder,, and D. J. Vugia. 2004. Multistate shigellosis outbreak and commercially prepared food, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10: 1147– 1149.
45. Kinsey, M. D.,, S. B. Formal,, G. J. Dammin,, and R. A. Giannella. 1976. Fluid and electrolyte transport in rhesus monkeys challenged intracecally with Shigella flexneri 2a. Infect. Immun. 14: 368– 371.
46. Kotloff, K. L.,, J. P. Winickoff,, B. Ivanoff,, J. D. Clemens,, D. L. Swerdlow,, P. J. Sansonetti,, G. K. Adak, and M. M. Levine. 1999. Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. Bull. W.H.O. 77: 651– 666.
47. Koutsotoli A. D., M., E. Papassava,, V. E. Maipa,, and Y. P. Alamanos. 2006. Comparing Shigella waterborne outbreaks in four different areas in Greece: common features and differences. Epidemiol. Infect. 134: 157– 162.
48. Lampel, K. A.,, L. Kornegay,, and P. A. Orlandi. 2000. Improved template preparation for PCR-based assays for the detection of food-borne bacterial pathogens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 4539– 4542.
49. Lan, R.,, M. C. Alles,, K. Donohoe,, M. B. Martinez,, and P. R. Reeves. 2004 Molecular evolutionary relationships of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. Infect. Immun. 72: 5080– 5088.
50. Lan, R.,, and P. R. Reeves. 2002. Escherichia coli in disguise: molecular origins of Shigella. Microbes Infect. 4: 1125– 1132.
51. Lee, L. A.,, S. M. Ostroff,, H. B. McGee,, D. R. Johnson,, F. P. Downes,, D. N. Cameron,, N. H. Bean,, and P. M. Griffin. 1991. An outbreak of shigellosis at an outdoor music festival. Am. J. Epidemiol. 133: 608– 615.
52. Levine, M. M.,, and O. S. Levine. 1994. Changes in human ecology and behavior in relation to the emergence of diarrheal diseases, including cholera. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 2390– 2394.
53. Lew, J. F.,, D. L. Swerdlow,, M. E. Dance,, P. M. Griffin,, C. A. Bopp,, M. J. Gillenwater,, T. Mercatante,, and R. I. Glass. 1991. An outbreak of shigellosis aboard a cruise ship caused by a multiple-antibiotic-resistant strain of Shigella flexneri. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134: 413– 420.
54. Line, A. S.,, J. Paul-Murphy,, D. P. Aucoin,, and D. C. Hirsh. 1992. Enrofloxacin treatment of long-tailed macaques with acute bacillary dysentery due to multiresistant Shigella flexneri IV. Lab. Anim. Sci. 42: 240– 244.
55. Lopez, E. L.,, M. Diaz,, S. Grinstein,, S. Dovoto,, F. Mendila-harzu,, B. E. Murray,, S. Ashkenazi,, E. Rubeglio,, M. Woloj,, M. Vasquez,, M. Turco,, L. K. Pickering,, and T. G. Cleary. 1989. Hemolytic uremic syndrome and diarrhea in Argentine children: the role of Shiga-like toxins. J. Infect. Dis. 160: 469– 475.
56. Luria, S. E.,, and J. W. Burrous. 1957. Hybridization between Escherichia coli and Shigella. J. Bacteriol. 74: 461– 476.
57. Maurelli A. T., R., E. Fernandez,, C. A. Bloch,, C. K. Rode,, and A. Fasano. 1998. “Black holes” and bacterial pathogenicity: a large genomic deletion that enhances the virulence of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 3943– 3948.
58. Murray, C. J.,, and A. D. Lopez. 1997. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: global burden of disease study. Lancet 349: 1436– 1442.
59. Naimi, T., S. J. H. Wicklund,, S. J. Olsen,, G. Krause,, J. G. Wells,, J. M. Bartkus,, D. J. Boxrud,, M. Sullivan,, H. Kassenborg,, J. M. Besser,, E. D. Mintz,, M. T. Osterholm,, and C. W. Hedberg. 2003. Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections associated with parsley: implications for surveillance and control of food borne illness. J. Food Prot. 66: 535– 541.
60. Nizeyi, J. B.,, R. B. Innocent,, J. Erume,, G. R. Kalema,, M. R. Cranfield,, and T. K. Gracyzk. 2001. Campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, and shigellosis in free-ranging human-habituated mountain gorillas of Uganda. J. Wildl. Dis. 37: 239– 244.
61. Pickering, L. K.,, A. V. Bartlett,, and W. E. Woodward. 1986. Acute infectious diarrhea among children in day-care: epidemiology and control. Rev. Infect. Dis. 8: 539– 547.
62. Rafii, F.,, M. A. Holland,, W. E. Hill,, and C. E. Cerniglia. 1995. Survival of Shigella flexneri on vegetables and detection by polymerase chain reaction. J. Food Prot. 58: 727– 732.
63. Rafii, F.,, and P. Lunsford. 1997. Survival and detection of Shigella flexneri in vegetables and commercially prepared salads. J. AOAC Int. 80: 1191– 1197.
64. Raghupathy, P.,, A. Date,, J. C. M. Shastry,, A. Sudarsanam,, and M. Jadhav. 1978. Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome complicating shigella dysentery in south Indian children. Br. Med. J. 1: 1518– 1521.
65. Reller, M. E.,, J. M. Nelson,, K. Mølbak,, D. M. Ackman,, D. J. Schoonmaker-Bopp,, T. P. Root,, and E. D. Mintz. 2006. A large, multiple-restaurant outbreak of infection with Shigella flexneri serotype 2a traced to tomatoes. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42: 163– 169.
66. Rooney, R. M.,, J. K. Bartram,, E. H. Cramer,, S. Mantha,, G. Nichols,, R. Suraj,, and E. C. D. Todd. 2004. A review of outbreaks of waterborne disease associated with ships: evidence for risk management. Public Health Rep. 119: 435– 442.
67. Rout, W. R.,, S. B. Formal,, R. A. Giannella,, and G. J. Dammin. 1975. Pathophysiology of Shigella diarrhea in the rhesus monkey: intestinal transport, morphological, and bacteriological studies. Gastroenterology 68: 270– 278.
68. Sansonetti, P. J. 2006. The bacterial weaponry. Lessons from Shigella. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1072: 307– 312.
69. Sansonetti, P. J.,, T. L. Hale,, and E. V. Oaks. 1985. Genetics of virulence in enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, p. 74–77. In L. Leive,, P. F. Bonventre,, J. A. Morello,, S. Schlesinger,, S. D. Silver, and, H. C. Wu (ed.), Microbiology—1985. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
70. Sansonetti, P. J.,, J. Arondel,, M. Huerre,, A. Harada,, and K. Matsushima. 1999. Interleukin-8 controls bacterial transepithelial translocation at the cost of epithelial destruction in experimental shigellosis. Infect. Immun. 67: 1471– 1480.
71. Sapsford K. E.,, A. Rasooly,, C. R. Taitt,, and F. S. Ligler. 2004. Detection of Campylobacter and Shigella species in food samples using an array biosensor. Anal. Chem. 76: 433– 440.
72. Sethabutr, O.,, M. Venkatesan,, S. Yam,, L. W. Pang,, B. L. Smoak,, W. K. Sang,, P. Echeverria,, D. N. Taylor,, and D. W. Isenbarger. 2000. Detection of PCR products of the ipaH gene from Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 37: 11– 16.
73. Sharp, T. W.,, S. A. Thornton,, M. R. Wallace,, R. F. Defraites,, J. L. Sanchez,, R. A. Batchelor,, P. J. Rozmajzl,, R. K. Hanson,, P. Echeverria,, A. Z. Kapikian,, X. J. Xiang,, M. K. Estes,, and J. P. Burans. 1995. Diarrheal disease among military personnel during Operation Restore Hope, Somalia, 1992–1993. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 52: 188– 193.
74. Simon, D. G.,, R. A. Kaslow,, J. Rosenbaum,, R. L. Kaye,, and A. Calin. 1981. Reiter’s syndrome following epidemic shigellosis. J. Rheumatol. 8: 969– 973.
75. Smith, J. L. 1987. Shigella as a foodborne pathogen. J. Food Prot. 50: 788– 801.
76. Strockbine, N.,, and A. T. Maurelli. 2005. Shigella, p. 811–823. In D. J. Brenner,, N. R. Krieg, and, T. E. Staley (ed.), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Springer, New York, NY.
77. Terajima, J.,, K. Tamura,, K. Hirose,, H. Izumiya,, M. Miyahara,, H. Konuma,, and H. Watanabe. 2004. A multi-prefectural outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections associated with eating oysters in Japan. Microbiol. Immunol. 48: 49– 52.
78. Tulloch, E. F.,, K. J. Ryan,, S. B. Formal,, and F. A. Franklin. 1973. Invasive enteropathic Escherichia coli dysentery. Ann. Intern. Med. 79: 13– 17.
79. Tyrrel, S. F.,, J. W. Knox, and E. K. Weatherhead. 2006. Microbiological water quality requirements for salad irrigation in the United Kingdom. J. Food Prot. 69: 2029– 2035.
80. Wachtel, M. R.,, L. C. Whitehead,, and R. E. Mandrell. 2002. Association of Escherichia coli O157:H7 with preharvest leaf lettuce upon exposure to contaminated irrigation water. J. Food Prot. 65: 18– 25.
81. Wang, R.-F.,, W. -W. Cao,, and C. E. Cerniglia. 1997. A universal protocol for PCR detection of 13 species of food borne pathogens in foods. J. Appl. Microbiol. 83: 727– 736.
82. Warren, B. R.,, M. E. Parish,, and K. R. Schneider. 2005. Comparison of chromogenic Shigella spp. plating medium with standard media for the recovery of Shigella boydii and Shigella sonnei from tomato surfaces. J. Food Prot. 68: 621– 624.
83. Warren, B. R.,, H.-G. Yuk,, and K. R. Schneider. 2007. Survival of Shigella sonnei on smooth tomato surface, in potato salad and in raw ground beef. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 116: 400– 404.
84. Waterman, S. R.,, and P. L. Small. 1996. Identification of sigma S-dependent genes associated with the stationary-phase acid-resistance phenotype of Shigella flexneri. Mol. Microbiol. 21: 925– 940.
85. Wei, J.,, M. B. Goldberg,, V. Burland,, M. Venkatesan,, W. Deng,, G. Fournier,, G. F. Mayhew,, G. Plunkett,, D. J. Rose,, A. Darling,, B. Mau,, N. T. Perna,, S. M. Payne,, L. J. Runyer-Janecky,, S. Zhou,, D. C. Schwartz,, and F. R. Blattner. 2003. Complete genome sequence and comparative genomics of Shigella flexneri serotype 2a strain 2457T. Infect. Immun. 71: 1919– 1928.
86. Weissman, J. B.,, A. Schmerler,, P. Weiler,, G. Filice,, N. Godby,, and I. Hansen. 1974. The role of preschool children and day-care centers in the spread of shigellosis in urban communities. J. Pediatr. 84: 797– 802.
87. Wetherington, J.,, J. L. Bryant,, K. A. Lampel,, and J. M. Johnson. 2000. PCR screening and isolation of Shigella sonnei from layered party dip. Lab. Inform. Bull. 16: 1– 8.
88. Wharton, M.,, R. A. Spiegel,, J. M. Horan,, R. V. Tauxe,, J. G. Wells,, N. Barg,, J. Herndon,, R. A. Meriwether,, J. N. MacCormack,, and R. H. Levine. 1990. A large outbreak of antibiotic resistant shigellosis at a mass gathering. J. Infect. Dis. 162: 1324– 1328.
89. WHO. 1997. Vaccine research and development. New strategies for accelerating Shigella vaccine development. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 72: 73– 80.
90. Wu, F. M.,, M. P. Doyle,, L. R. Beuchat,, J. G. Wells,, E. D. Mintz,, and B. Swaminathan. 2000. Fate of Shigella sonnei on parsley and methods of disinfection. J. Food Prot. 63: 568– 572.
91. Zaika, L. L. 2002a. Effect of organic acids and temperature on survival of Shigella flexneri in broth at pH 4. J. Food Prot. 65: 1417– 1421.
92. Zaika, L. L. 2002b. The effect of NaCl on survival of Shigella flexneri in broth as affected by temperature and pH. J. Food Prot. 65: 774– 779.
93. Zaika, L. L.,, and O. J. Scullen. 1996. Growth of Shigella flexneri in foods: comparison of observed and predicted growth kinetics parameters. Int. J. Food Prot. 32: 91– 102.

Tables

Shigella
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555815936.ch09-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555815936.ch09-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Keith A., foaf_name=Keith A. Lampel, foaf_surname=Lampel, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555815936.ch09-aff1]]}]]
Citation: Lampel K. 2010. , p 131-145. In Juneja V, Sofos J (ed), Pathogens and Toxins in Foods. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815936.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555815936.ch09.ch09tab01
Table 1.
Characteristics of spp.
Generic image for table
Table 1.

Characteristics of spp.

Citation: Lampel K. 2010. , p 131-145. In Juneja V, Sofos J (ed), Pathogens and Toxins in Foods. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815936.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555815936.ch09.ch09tab02
Table 2.
Outbreaks of shigellosis
Generic image for table
Table 2.

Outbreaks of shigellosis

Citation: Lampel K. 2010. , p 131-145. In Juneja V, Sofos J (ed), Pathogens and Toxins in Foods. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815936.ch9

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error