Highlighted Text:
Show |
Hide
Full text loading...
Chapter 21 : A European Food Safety Perspective on Residues of Veterinary Drugs and Growth-Promoting Agents
Authors:
Martin Danaher1,
Deirdre M. Prendergast2
VIEW AFFILIATIONS
HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations:
1: Food Safety Department, Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland;
2: Food Safety Department, Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2010
Category: Food Microbiology; Applied and Industrial Microbiology
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555815936
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555815936.ch21
MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.
Preview this chapter:
A European Food Safety Perspective on Residues of Veterinary Drugs and Growth-Promoting Agents, Page 1 of 2
< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815936/9781555814595_Chap21-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555815936/9781555814595_Chap21-2.gif
Abstract:
This chapter describes European contributions to food safety aspects of veterinary drugs and growth-promoting agents (GPAs). Recent developments in the area of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which has become the technique of choice for surveillance of residues in food; validation of the performance of methods; and future perspectives, including the development of a risk-based surveillance program. There are several groups of substances approved for treating food-producing animals in the European Union, including antibacterials, anthelmintics, anticoccidials (or antiprotozoan drugs), sedatives, pesticides (applied as veterinary drugs), and anti-inflammatory drugs (steroidal and nonsteroidal). Legislation can be categorized into the following areas: (i) evaluation of safety, (ii) procedures for the establishment of maximum residue limits (MRLs), (iii) measures to control residues in food produced within the European Union and imported from developing countries, and (iv) guidelines for validation of analytical methods. The major deficiencies in the area of antiparasitic drug residues are that few multiresidue methods are available to detect flukicide residues and that coverage of levamisole and/or benzimidazole metabolites is often poor. A number of laboratories have developed applications using high resolution MS (HRMS) that allow the detection of several classes of veterinary drugs. Some methods include as many as 100 veterinary drug residues. The impact of such developments on methodologies and legislation will provide a clearer knowledge of exposure to veterinary drug residues through improvements in the scope of residue surveillance programs.
Citation:
Danaher M, Prendergast D.
2010.
A European Food Safety Perspective on Residues of Veterinary Drugs and Growth-Promoting Agents,
p 326-342.
In
Juneja V, Sofos J (ed),
Pathogens and Toxins in Foods.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815936.ch21
Key Concept Ranking
- Organophosphorus Compounds
- 0.54257864
- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
- 0.48865244
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- 0.4537487
0.54257864
Figures
A European Food Safety Perspective on Residues of Veterinary Drugs and Growth-Promoting Agents
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Martin, foaf_name=Martin Danaher, foaf_surname=Danaher, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Deirdre M., foaf_name=Deirdre M. Prendergast, foaf_surname=Prendergast, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21-aff2]]}]]
Citation:
Danaher M, Prendergast D.
2010.
A European Food Safety Perspective on Residues of Veterinary Drugs and Growth-Promoting Agents,
p 326-342.
In
Juneja V, Sofos J (ed),
Pathogens and Toxins in Foods.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815936.ch21
/content/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21.ch21fig01
Figure 1.
Overview of direct and indirect effects of veterinary drug residues on food safety.
10.1128/9781555815936/ch21fig1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815936/ch21fig1.gif
Figure 1.
Overview of direct and indirect effects of veterinary drug residues on food safety.
Citation:
Danaher M, Prendergast D.
2010.
A European Food Safety Perspective on Residues of Veterinary Drugs and Growth-Promoting Agents,
p 326-342.
In
Juneja V, Sofos J (ed),
Pathogens and Toxins in Foods.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815936.ch21
References
/content/book/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21
1.
Aarestrup, F. 1999. Association between the consumption of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry and the occurrence of resistant bacteria among food animals. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 12: 279– 285.
2.
Anonymous. 1990. Council Regulation No. 90/2377/EC of 26 June 1990 laying down a community procedure for the establishment of maximum residue limits of veterinary medicinal products in foodstuffs of animal origin. Off. J. Eur. Comm. L224: 1– 136.
3.
Anonymous. 1996a. Council Directive No. 96/23/EC of 29 April 1996 on measures to monitor certain substances and residues thereof in live animals and animal products and repealing Directives 85/358/EEC and 86/469/EEC and Decisions 89/187/EEC and 91/664/EEC. Off. J. Eur. Comm. L125: 1– 28.
4.
Anonymous. 1996b. Council Directive No. 96/22/EC of 29 April 1996 concerning the prohibition on the use in stockfarming of certain substances having a hormonal or thyrostatic action and of beta-agonists, and repealing Directives 81/602/EEC, 88/146/EEC and 88/299/EEC. Off. J. Eur. Comm. L125: 1– 14.
5.
Anonymous. 1997. Commission Directive No. 97/6/EC of 30 January 1997 amending Council Directive 70/524/EEC concerning additives in feedingstuffs. Off. J. Eur. Comm. L035: 11– 13.
6.
Anonymous. 1998a. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2788/98 of 22 December 1998 amending Council Directive 70/524/EEC concerning additives in feedingstuffs as regards the withdrawal of authorisation for certain growth promoters. Off. J. Eur. Comm. L347: 3.
7.
Anonymous. 1998b. Council Regulation No. 2821/98 of 17 December 1998 amending, as regards withdrawal of the authorisation of certain antibiotics, Directive 70/524/EEC concerning additives in feedingstuffs. Off. J. Eur. Comm. L351: 4– 8.
8.
Anonymous. 2002a. Chloramphenicol and streptomycin in Chinese honey and in blended honey containing Chinese honey, Food alert notification 2002.058. Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
9.
Anonymous. 2002b. Opinion of the scientific committee on veterinary measures relating to public health on review of previous SCVPH opinions of 30 April 1999 and 3 May 2000 on the potential risks to human health from hormone residues in bovine meat and meat products. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.
10.
Anonymous. 2003. Reflection Paper on Residues in Foodstuffs of Animal Origin. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.
11.
Anonymous. 2005a. Commission staff working document on the implementation of national monitoring plans in the member states in 2005 (Council Directive 96/23/EC), Brussels, 8.2.2007 SEC (2007). 196: 1– 231.
12.
Anonymous. 2005b. 2005 FSIS National Residue Program Scheduled Sampling Plans, Blue Book. Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
13.
Antignac, J.-P.,, B. Le Bizec,, F. Monteau,, F. Poulain, and, F. Andre. 2001. Multi-residue extraction–purification procedure for corticosteroids in biological samples for efficient control of their misuse in livestock production. J. Chromatogr. B 757: 11– 19.
14.
Antignac, J.-P.,, F. Monteau,, J. Negriolli,, F. Andre, and, B. Le Bizec. 2004. Application of hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques to the determination of corticosteroid residues in biological matrices. Chromatography 59: 1– 10.
15.
Becker, M.,, E. Zittlau, and, M. Petz. 2004. Residue analysis of 15 penicillins and cephalosporins in bovine muscle, kidney and milk by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 520: 19– 32.
16.
Boxall, A. B. A.,, P. Blackwell,, R. Cavallo. P. Kay, and, J. Tolls. 2002. The sorption and transport of a sulphonamide antibiotic in soil systems. Toxicol. Lett. 131: 19– 28.
17.
Boxall, A. B. A.,, D. W. Kolpin,, B. Halling Sørensen, and, J. Toll. 2003. Are veterinary medicines causing environmental risks? Environ. Sci. Technol. 37: 286A– 294A.
18.
Boxall, A. B. A. 2004. The environmental side effects of medication. EMBO Rep. 5: 1110– 1116.
19.
Boxall, A. B. A.,, P. Johnson,, E. J. Smith,, C. J. Sinclair,, E. Stutt, and, L. S. Levy. 2006. Uptake of veterinary medicines from soils into plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54: 2288– 2297.
20.
Brandon, D. L.,, K. P. Holland,, J. S. Dreas, and, A. C. Henry. 1998. Rapid screening for benzimidazole residues in bovine liver. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46: 3653– 3656.
21.
Campagnolo, E. R.,, K. R. Johnson,, A. Karpati,, C. S. Rubin,, D. W. Kolpin,, M. T. Meyer, and, J. E. Esteban. 2002. Antimicrobial residuals in animal waste and water resources proximal to large-scale swine and poultry feeding operations. Sci. Total Environ. 299: 89– 95.
22.
CDC. 1997. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotype Typhimurium in the United States, 1996. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep. 46: 308– 310.
23.
Crooks, S. R. H.,, B. McCarney,, I. M. Traynor,, C. S. Thompson,, S. Floyd, and, C. T. Elliott. 2003. Detection of levamisole residues in bovine liver and milk by immunobiosensor. Anal. Chim. Acta 483: 181– 186.
24.
Danaher, M.,, S. Yakkundi,, E. Capurro,, G. Kennedy,, M. O’Keeffe,, C. Elliott,, A. Anastasio, and, M. L. Cortesi. 2003. Comparison between three techniques—Biacore biosensor, HPLC-UV and LC-MS/MS—for determination of Nicarbazin residues in poultry, p. 403–407. In Proceedings of Euro Food Chem XII: Strategies for Safe Food, Brugge, Belgium.
25.
Danaher, M.,, L. C. Howells,, S. R. H. Crooks,, V. Cerkvenik-Flajs, and, M. O’Keeffe. 2006. Review of methodology for the determination of macrocyclic lactone residues in biological matrices. J. Chromatogr. B 845: 175– 203.
26.
Danaher, M.,, H. De Ruyck,, S. R. H. Crooks,, G. Dowling, and, M. O’Keeffe. 2007. Review of methodology for the determination of benzimidazole residues in biological matrices. J. Chromatogr. B 845: 1– 37.
27.
Danaher, M.,, K. Campbell,, M. O’Keeffe,, E. Capurro,, G. Kennedy, and, C. Elliott. 2008a. Survey of the anticoccidial feed additive nicarbazin (as dinitrocarbanilide residues) in poultry and eggs. Food Addit. Contam. 25: 1, 32– 40.
28.
Danaher,, M. F. Fabbrocile,, H. Cantwell,, P. Byrne,, A. Callaghan, and, L. Clarke. 2008b. Investigation of anti-parasitic drug residues in farmhouse cheese. In Proceedings of the Farmhouse Cheese Workshop, Teagasc, Moorepark, County. Cork, Ireland.
29.
Davis, J. G.,, C. C. Truman,, S. C. Kim,, J. C. Ascough, and, K. Carlson. 2006. Antibiotic transport via runoff and soil loss. J. Environ. Qual. 35: 2250– 2260.
30.
Ding, T.,, J. Xu,, C. Shen,, Y. Jiang,, H. Chen,, B. Wu,, Z. Zhao,, G. Li,, J. Zhang, and, F. Liu. 2006. Determination of three nitroimidazole residues in royal jelly by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chin. J. Chrom. 24: 331– 334.
31.
Draisci, R.,, C. Marchiafava,, L. Palleschi,, P. Cammarata, and, S. Cavalli. 2001. Accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantitation of corticosteroid residues in bovine liver. J. Chromatogr. B 753: 217– 223.
32.
Dubois, M.,, G. Pierret, and, P. Delahaut. 2004. Efficient and sensitive detection of residues of nine coccidiostats in egg and muscle by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B 813: 181– 189.
33.
Edder, P.,, D. Ortelli,, P. Jan, and, C. Corvi. 2004. Analysis of benzimidazoles and levamisole residues by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry detection, p. 566. In L. A. van Ginkel and, A. A. Bergwerff (ed.), Proceedings of EuroResidue V Conference on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
34.
European Commission. 2006. The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) Annual Report. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.
35.
Fraselle, S.,, V. Derop,, J.-M. Degroodt, and, J. Van Loco. 2007. Validation of a method for the detection and confirmation of nitroimidazoles and the corresponding hydroxy metabolites in pig plasma by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 586: 383– 393.
36.
Gentili, A., 2007. LC-MS methods for analyzing anti-inflammatory drugs in animal-food products. Trends Anal. Chem. 26: 595– 608.
37.
Glynn, M. K.,, C. Bopp,, W. Dewitt,, P. Dabney,, M. Mokhtar, and, F. J. Angulo. 1998. Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104 infections in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 338 :1333– 1338.
38.
Gowik, P.,, J. Polzer, and, S. Uhlig. 2008. Determination of MU in residue analysis by means of statistical factorial design, p. 1205–1209. In L. A. van Ginkel and, A. A. Bergwerff (ed.), Proceedings of EuroResidue VI Conference on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food, Egmond aan Zee, The Netherlands.
39.
Granelli, K.,, and C. Branzell. 2007. Rapid multi-residue screening of antibiotics in muscle and kidney by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization—tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 586: 289– 295.
40.
Greig, M. J.,, B. Bolanos,, T. Quenzer, and, J. M. R. Bylund. 2003. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure photoionization for high-resolution analyses of corticosteroids. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 17: 2763– 2768.
41.
Haller, M. Y.,, S. R. Muller,, C. S. McArdell,, A. C Alder, and, M. J. F. Suter. 2002. Quantification of veterinary antibiotics (sulfonamides and trimethoprim) in animal manure by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A. 952: 111– 120.
42.
Hammel, Y.-A.,, R. Mohamed,, E. Gremaud,, M.-H. LeBreton, and, P. A. Guy. 2008. Multi-screening approach to monitor and quantify 42 antibiotic residues in honey by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1177: 58– 76.
43.
Hamscher, G.,, S., Sczesny,, H. Hoper, and, H. Nau. 2002. Determination of persistent tetracycline residues in soil fertilized with liquid manure by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 74: 1509– 1518.
44.
Herikstad, H.,, P. Hayes,, M. Mokhtar,, M. L. Fracaro,, E. J. Threlfall, and, F. J. Angulo. 1997. Emerging quiolone-resistant Salmonella in the United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3: 371– 372.
45.
Hernando, M. D.,, M. Mezcuaa,, J. M. Suarez-Barcenab, and, A. R. Fernandez-Alba. 2006. Liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of chemotherapeutant residues in salmon. Anal. Chim. Acta 562: 176– 184.
46.
Kaufmann, A.,, P. Butcher,, K. Maden, and, M. Widmer. 2007. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–TOF): a novel tool for multi-residue screening of veterinary drugs in urine. Anal. Chim. Acta 586: 13– 21.
47.
Kaufmann, A.,, P. Butcher,, K. Maden, and, M. Widmer. 2008. Quantitative multiresidue method for about 100 veterinary drugs in different meat matrices by sub 2-µm particulate high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1194 :66– 79.
48.
Kay, P.,, P. A. Blackwell, and, A. B. A. Boxall. 2004. Fate and transport of veterinary antibiotics in drained clay soils. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23: 1136– 1144.
49.
Keegan, J.,, M. Danaher,, S. R. H. Crroks,, C. T. Elliott, and, R. O’Kennedy. 2008. Detection of benzimidazole carbamate residues in liver tissue using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor, p. 1153. In L. A. van Ginkel and, A. A. Bergwerff (ed.), Proceedings of EuroResidue VI Conference on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food. Egmond aan Zee, The Netherlands.
50.
Kemper, N. 2008. Veterinary antibiotics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment. Ecol. Indic. 8: 1– 13.
51.
Kinsella, B.,, S. J. Lehotay,, K. Matsakova,, A. R. Lightfield,, A. Furey, and, M. Danaher. 2007. New method for the analysis of anthelmintic residues in animal tissues. In Proceedings of 121st AOAC International Annual Meeting and Exposition. Anaheim, CA.
52.
Levy, S. 1987. Antibiotic use for growth promotion in animals: ecological and public health consequences. J. Food Prot. 50: 616– 620.
53.
Mayrhofer, S.,, P. Peter Paulsen,, F. J. M. Smulders, and, F. Hilbert. 2004. Antimicrobial resistance profile of five major food-borne pathogens isolated from beef, pork and poultry. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 97: 23– 29.
54.
McEvoy, J. D. G. 2002. Contamination of animal feeding stuffs as a cause of residues in food: a review of regulatory aspects, incidence and control. Anal. Chim. Acta 473: 3– 26.
55.
Mortier, L.,, E. Daeseleire, and, P. Delahaut. 2003. Simultaneous detection of five coccidiostats in eggs by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 483: 27– 37.
56.
Mulder, P. P. J.,, P. Balzer-Rutgers,, E. M. te Brinke,, Y. J. C. Bolck,, B. J. A. Berendsen,, H. Gercek,, B. Schat, and, J. A. van Rhijn. 2005. Deposition and depletion of the coccidiostats toltrazuril and halofuginone in eggs. Anal. Chim. Acta 529: 331– 337.
57.
Nielen, M. W. F.,, M. C. van Engelen,, R. Zuiderent, and, R. Ramaker. 2007. Screening and confirmation criteria for hormone residue analysis using liquid chromatography accurate mass time-of-flight, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance and orbitrap mass spectrometry techniques. Anal. Chim. Acta 586: 122– 129.
58.
Ochman, H.,, J. Lawrence, and, E. Groisman. 2000. Lateral gene transfer and the nature of bacterial innovation. Nature 405: 299– 304.
59.
O’Keeffe, M.,, A. Conneely,, K. M. Cooper,, D. G. Kennedy,, L. Kovacsics,, A. Fodor,, P. P. J. Mulder,, J. A. van Rhijn, and, G. Trigueros. 2004. Nitrofuran antibiotic residues in pork: the FoodBRAND retail survey. Anal. Chim. Acta 520: 125– 131.
60.
Perron, G.,, S. Quessy, and, G. Bell. 2007. Genotypic diversity and antimicrobial resistance in asymptomatic Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104. Infect. Genet. Evol. 7: 223– 228.
61.
Polzer, J.,, C. Stachel, and, P. Gowik. 2004. Treatment of turkeys with nitroimidazoles; impact of the selection of target analytes and matrices on an effective residue control. Anal. Chim. Acta 521: 189– 200.
62.
Prats, G.,, B. Mirelis,, T. Llovet,, C. Munoz,, E. Miro, and, F. Navarro. 2000. Antibiotic resistance trends in enteropathogenic bacteria isolated in 1985–1987 and 1995–1998 in Barcelona. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 1140– 1145.
63.
Pugh, D. M. 2002. The EU precautionary bans on animal feed additive antibiotics. Tox. Lett. 128: 35– 44.
64.
Radeck, W.,, and P. Gowik. 2005. Validation of a multiresidue method for confirmation and quantification of 25 anticoccidial drugs in egg, muscle and liver. In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Hormones and Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis. Antwerp, Belgium.
65.
Radeck, W.,, and P. Gowik. 2008. Validation of a multiresidue method for the determination and quantitation of anthelmintics in milk, p. 1181–1186. In L. A. van Ginkel and, A. A. Bergwerff (ed.), Proceedings of EuroResidue VI Conference on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food. Egmond aan Zee, The Netherlands.
66.
Samsonova, J. V.,, G. A. Baxter,, S. R. H. Crooks,, A. E. Small, and, C. T. Elliott. 2002. Determination of ivermectin in bovine liver by optical immunobiosensor. Biosenso Bioelectron. 17: 523– 529.
67.
Sangiorgi, E.,, M. Curatolo,, W. Assini, and, E. Bozzoni. 2003. Application of neutral loss mode in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of corticosteroids in bovine urine. Anal. Chim. Acta 483: 259– 267.
68.
Sarmah, A. K.,, M. T. Meyer, and, A. B. A. Boxall. 2006. A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (Vas) in the environment. Chemosphere 65: 725– 759.
69.
Schlusener, M. P.,, K. Bester, and, M. Spiteller. 2003. Determination of antibiotics such as macrolides, ionophores, and tiamulin in liquid manure by HPLC-MS/MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 375: 942– 947.
70.
Srinivasan, V.,, H. M. Nam,, L. T. Nguyen,, B. Tamilselvam,, S. E. Murinda, and, S. P. Oliver. 2005. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from dairy farms. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 2: 201– 211.
71.
Stock, I.,, and B. Wiedemann. 1999. An in-vitro study of the antimicrobial susceptibilities of Yersinia enterocolitica and the definition of a database. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43: 37– 45.
72.
Stolker, A. A. M.,, T. Zuidema, and, M. W. F. Nielen. 2007. Residue analysis of veterinary drugs and growth-promoting agents. Trends Anal. Chem. 26: 969– 979.
73.
Stolker, A. A. M.,, P. Rutgers,, E. Oosterlink,, J. J. P. Lasaroms,, R. J. B. Peters,, J. A. van Rhihn, and, M. W. F. Neilen. 2008. Comprehensive screening and quantification of veterinary drugs in milk using UPLC-ToF-MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 391: 2309– 2322.
74.
Swann, M. M. 1969. Swann Report, Cmnd 4190. Joint Committee on the Use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, HMSO, London, England.
75.
Thakur, S.,, and W. A. Gebreyes. 2005. Campylobacter coli in swine production: antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and molecular epidemiology. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 5705– 5714.
76.
Threnlfal E. J.,, J. A. Frost,, L. R. Ward, and, B. Rowe. 1996. Increasing spectrum of resistance in multiresistant Salmonella typhimurium. Lancet 347: 1053– 1054.
77.
Van Hoof, N.,, K. De Wasch,, S. Poelmans,, H. Noppe, and, H. De Brabander. 2004. Multi-residue liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in bovine muscle: optimisation of ion trap parameters. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 18: 2823– 2829.
78.
VRC. 2006. Annual Report on Surveillance for Veterinary Residues in Food in the UK, 2005. The Veterinary Residues Committee, Surrey, United Kingdom.
79.
White, D. G.,, S. Zhao,, S. Simjee,, D. D. Wagner, and, P. F. McDermott. 2002a. Antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens. Microbes Infect. 4: 405– 412.
80.
White, D. G.,, S. Zhao,, P. F. McDermott,, S. Ayers,, S. Gaines,, S. Friedman,, D. D. Wagner,, J. Meng,, D. Needle,, M. Davis, and, C. Debroy. 2002b. Characterization of antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli O111 isolates of animal and human origin Microb. Drug Resist. 8: 139– 146.
81.
Witte, W. 1998. Medical consequences of antibiotic use in agriculture. Science 279: 996– 997.
82.
Zuidema, T.,, P. P. Mulder,, J. J. Lasaroms,, S. Stappers, and, J. A. Van Rhijn. 2006. Can high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection under all conditions be regarded as a sufficiently conclusive confirmatory method for B-group substances? Food Addit. Contam. 23: 1149– 1156.
Tables
A European Food Safety Perspective on Residues of Veterinary Drugs and Growth-Promoting Agents
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Martin, foaf_name=Martin Danaher, foaf_surname=Danaher, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Deirdre M., foaf_name=Deirdre M. Prendergast, foaf_surname=Prendergast, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21-aff2]]}]]
Citation:
Danaher M, Prendergast D.
2010.
A European Food Safety Perspective on Residues of Veterinary Drugs and Growth-Promoting Agents,
p 326-342.
In
Juneja V, Sofos J (ed),
Pathogens and Toxins in Foods.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815936.ch21
/content/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21.ch21tab01
Table 1.
Group A residue or substance to be detected by type of animal, their feeding stuffs, including drinking water, and primary animal products
Table 1.
Group A residue or substance to be detected by type of animal, their feeding stuffs, including drinking water, and primary animal products
Citation:
Danaher M, Prendergast D.
2010.
A European Food Safety Perspective on Residues of Veterinary Drugs and Growth-Promoting Agents,
p 326-342.
In
Juneja V, Sofos J (ed),
Pathogens and Toxins in Foods.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815936.ch21
/content/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21.ch21tab02
Table 2.
Group B residue or substance to be detected by type of animal, their feeding stuffs, including drinking water, and primary animal products
Table 2.
Group B residue or substance to be detected by type of animal, their feeding stuffs, including drinking water, and primary animal products
Citation:
Danaher M, Prendergast D.
2010.
A European Food Safety Perspective on Residues of Veterinary Drugs and Growth-Promoting Agents,
p 326-342.
In
Juneja V, Sofos J (ed),
Pathogens and Toxins in Foods.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815936.ch21
/content/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21.ch21tab03
Table 3.
Sampling
Table 3.
Sampling
Citation:
Danaher M, Prendergast D.
2010.
A European Food Safety Perspective on Residues of Veterinary Drugs and Growth-Promoting Agents,
p 326-342.
In
Juneja V, Sofos J (ed),
Pathogens and Toxins in Foods.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815936.ch21
/content/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21.ch21tab04
Table 4.
Listing of MRPLs
Table 4.
Listing of MRPLs
Citation:
Danaher M, Prendergast D.
2010.
A European Food Safety Perspective on Residues of Veterinary Drugs and Growth-Promoting Agents,
p 326-342.
In
Juneja V, Sofos J (ed),
Pathogens and Toxins in Foods.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815936.ch21
/content/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21.ch21tab05
Table 5.
Relationship between the different MS techniques and identification points earned
Table 5.
Relationship between the different MS techniques and identification points earned
Citation:
Danaher M, Prendergast D.
2010.
A European Food Safety Perspective on Residues of Veterinary Drugs and Growth-Promoting Agents,
p 326-342.
In
Juneja V, Sofos J (ed),
Pathogens and Toxins in Foods.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815936.ch21
/content/10.1128/9781555815936.ch21.ch21tab06
Table 6.
Maximum permitted tolerances for relative ion intensities using a range of MS techniques
Table 6.
Maximum permitted tolerances for relative ion intensities using a range of MS techniques
Citation:
Danaher M, Prendergast D.
2010.
A European Food Safety Perspective on Residues of Veterinary Drugs and Growth-Promoting Agents,
p 326-342.
In
Juneja V, Sofos J (ed),
Pathogens and Toxins in Foods.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555815936.ch21