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Chapter 5 : Viral Hepatitis

Authors: Andrew W. Tai, Jules L. Dienstag
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2009

Category: Viruses and Viral Pathogenesis

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Abstract:

This chapter discusses the typical clinical and pathological features of viral hepatitis as well as the suggested initial evaluation of a patient presenting with suspected viral hepatitis. Five different human hepatitis viruses have been recognized and characterized in detail. The five established agents are hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV), all RNA viruses, except for HBV, a DNA virus. Two observations established that epidemics of jaundice were caused by a filterable infectious agent, i.e., a virus. First, outbreaks of hepatitis in military personnel immunized with yellow fever vaccine were shown to have resulted from contamination of the vaccine by an agent in the serum used to supplement viral culture media. Second, viral hepatitis was transmissible to volunteers with filtered inocula. The clinical features and course of uncomplicated acute viral hepatitis are similar among the several types of viral hepatitis. Fatigue, malaise, and anorexia are common symptoms and can accompany all types of chronic viral hepatitis. In uncomplicated acute viral hepatitis, the reticulin framework is typically preserved. Acute viral hepatitis may also result from infections other than HAV to HEV. HCV RNA testing may be useful if chronic viral hepatitis is suspected but other serologic markers (including anti-HCV) are negative, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or those on chronic hemodialysis.

Citation: Tai A, Dienstag J. 2009. Viral Hepatitis, p 59-80. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch5
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Viral Hepatitis
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Citation: Tai A, Dienstag J. 2009. Viral Hepatitis, p 59-80. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch5
/content/10.1128/9781555815981.ch05.ch05fig01
FIGURE 1
Round, eosinophilic Councilman bodies (arrow) signifying apoptosis of hepatocytes. (Courtesy of G. Y. Lauwers.)
10.1128/9781555815981/f0069-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815981/f0069-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Round, eosinophilic Councilman bodies (arrow) signifying apoptosis of hepatocytes. (Courtesy of G. Y. Lauwers.)

Citation: Tai A, Dienstag J. 2009. Viral Hepatitis, p 59-80. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch5
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FIGURE 2
Bridging necrosis (also known as interface hepatitis or piecemeal necrosis). An inflammatory infiltrate is visible within the portal tracts, spilling out into the hepatic lobule and resulting in piecemeal necrosis or interface hepatitis (white arrow). The hepatic lobule contains fat (black arrow) within hepatocytes, a common finding in viral hepatitis. (Courtesy of G. Y. Lauwers.)
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10.1128/9781555815981/f0070-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Bridging necrosis (also known as interface hepatitis or piecemeal necrosis). An inflammatory infiltrate is visible within the portal tracts, spilling out into the hepatic lobule and resulting in piecemeal necrosis or interface hepatitis (white arrow). The hepatic lobule contains fat (black arrow) within hepatocytes, a common finding in viral hepatitis. (Courtesy of G. Y. Lauwers.)

Citation: Tai A, Dienstag J. 2009. Viral Hepatitis, p 59-80. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch5
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/content/10.1128/9781555815981.ch05.ch05fig03
FIGURE 3
Cirrhosis resulting from chronic hepatitis C. The portal tracts contain numerous chronic inflammatory cells, which occasionally disrupt the limiting plate and spill out into the hepatocyte lobules (interface hepatitis). The lobules are separated from one another by fibrous septa to create nodules. (Courtesy of G. Y. Lauwers.)
10.1128/9781555815981/f0071-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815981/f0071-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

Cirrhosis resulting from chronic hepatitis C. The portal tracts contain numerous chronic inflammatory cells, which occasionally disrupt the limiting plate and spill out into the hepatocyte lobules (interface hepatitis). The lobules are separated from one another by fibrous septa to create nodules. (Courtesy of G. Y. Lauwers.)

Citation: Tai A, Dienstag J. 2009. Viral Hepatitis, p 59-80. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch5
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FIGURE 4
Diagnostic approach to a patient with acute viral hepatitis.
10.1128/9781555815981/f0072-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815981/f0072-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4

Diagnostic approach to a patient with acute viral hepatitis.

Citation: Tai A, Dienstag J. 2009. Viral Hepatitis, p 59-80. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch5
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FIGURE 5
Diagnostic approach to a patient with chronic viral hepatitis.
10.1128/9781555815981/f0073-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815981/f0073-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5

Diagnostic approach to a patient with chronic viral hepatitis.

Citation: Tai A, Dienstag J. 2009. Viral Hepatitis, p 59-80. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch5
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Tables

Viral Hepatitis
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Citation: Tai A, Dienstag J. 2009. Viral Hepatitis, p 59-80. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch5
/content/10.1128/9781555815981.ch05.ch05tab01
TABLE 1
Clinical and epidemiological features of viral hepatitis
Generic image for table
TABLE 1

Clinical and epidemiological features of viral hepatitis

Citation: Tai A, Dienstag J. 2009. Viral Hepatitis, p 59-80. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch5
/content/10.1128/9781555815981.ch05.ch05tab02
TABLE 2
Common serologic patterns and their interpretations
Generic image for table
TABLE 2

Common serologic patterns and their interpretations

Citation: Tai A, Dienstag J. 2009. Viral Hepatitis, p 59-80. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch5

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