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Chapter 14 : Immune Responses to Viruses

Authors: Jonathan W. Yewdell, Theodore C. Pierson, Jack R. Bennink
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2009

Category: Viruses and Viral Pathogenesis

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Abstract:

The vertebrate immune system has evolved in response to the threat posed by viruses. A number of viruses have evolved gene products for subverting specific elements of the immune system. Nonspecific immune mechanisms can be triggered by cellular sensing of viral invasion, viral destruction of cells, recognition of infected cells by natural killer (NK) cells, or direct interaction of complement with virions. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are bone marrow-derived cells that are the source for most of the initial wave of type I interferons (IFNs) induced by many viruses. These cells reside in the T-cell regions of the spleen and lymph nodes and can be activated by noninfectious forms of viruses. Signals transduced through recognition of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) at the onset of innate responses critically impact the development of adaptive immune responses. NK cells can directly interfere with viral reproduction by releasing cytokines with antiviral activity or by lysing virus-infected cells. Macrophages play a role in the destruction of antibodycoated virions, via Fc receptor-mediated internalization of immune complexes into lysosomes. The role of neutrophils in viral immunity is very poorly defined, even though neutrophils, like macrophages, are highly abundant phagocytic cells with Fc receptors and are recruited in large numbers to sites of viral infection. The most important result of T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation of naive T cells is the increase in the transcription of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the IL-2 receptor.

Citation: Yewdell J, Pierson T, Bennink J. 2009. Immune Responses to Viruses, p 295-331. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch14

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Immune Responses to Viruses
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Citation: Yewdell J, Pierson T, Bennink J. 2009. Immune Responses to Viruses, p 295-331. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555815981.ch14.ch14fig01
FIGURE 1
Genetic map of the HLA complex.
10.1128/9781555815981/f0310-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555815981/f0310-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Genetic map of the HLA complex.

Citation: Yewdell J, Pierson T, Bennink J. 2009. Immune Responses to Viruses, p 295-331. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch14
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Tables

Immune Responses to Viruses
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Citation: Yewdell J, Pierson T, Bennink J. 2009. Immune Responses to Viruses, p 295-331. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555815981.ch14.ch14tab01
TABLE 1
Cytokines used in anti-inflammatory immune responses
Generic image for table
TABLE 1

Cytokines used in anti-inflammatory immune responses

Citation: Yewdell J, Pierson T, Bennink J. 2009. Immune Responses to Viruses, p 295-331. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555815981.ch14.ch14tab02
TABLE 2
Chemokines used in anti-inflammatory immune responses
Generic image for table
TABLE 2

Chemokines used in anti-inflammatory immune responses

Citation: Yewdell J, Pierson T, Bennink J. 2009. Immune Responses to Viruses, p 295-331. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555815981.ch14.ch14tab03
TABLE 3
Properties of human Ig subclasses
Generic image for table
TABLE 3

Properties of human Ig subclasses

Citation: Yewdell J, Pierson T, Bennink J. 2009. Immune Responses to Viruses, p 295-331. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555815981.ch14.ch14tab04
TABLE 4
Human MHC class I-binding peptide motifs
Generic image for table
TABLE 4

Human MHC class I-binding peptide motifs

Citation: Yewdell J, Pierson T, Bennink J. 2009. Immune Responses to Viruses, p 295-331. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555815981.ch14.ch14tab05
TABLE 5
Human MHC class II-binding peptide motifs
Generic image for table
TABLE 5

Human MHC class II-binding peptide motifs

Citation: Yewdell J, Pierson T, Bennink J. 2009. Immune Responses to Viruses, p 295-331. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555815981.ch14.ch14tab06
TABLE 6
Viral proteins that interfere with host immunity
Generic image for table
TABLE 6

Viral proteins that interfere with host immunity

Citation: Yewdell J, Pierson T, Bennink J. 2009. Immune Responses to Viruses, p 295-331. In Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F (ed), Clinical Virology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555815981.ch14

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