Highlighted Text:
Show |
Hide
Full text loading...
Chapter 29 : Examination of Other Specimens from the Intestinal Tract and the Urogenital System
Editor:
Lynne S. Garcia1
VIEW AFFILIATIONS
HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations:
1: LSG & Associates, Santa Monica, California
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year:
2007
Category: Clinical Microbiology
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555816018
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555816018.ch29
MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.
Preview this chapter:
Examination of Other Specimens from the Intestinal Tract and the Urogenital System, Page 1 of 2
< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816018/9781555813802_Chap29-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816018/9781555813802_Chap29-2.gif
Abstract:
Symptoms that have been attributed to the pinworm infection, particularly in children, include nervousness, insomnia, nightmares, and even convulsions. In some cases, perianal granulomas may result. If the amount of material limits the examination to one procedure, the use of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fixative is highly recommended. Many physicians performing sigmoidoscopy procedures do not realize the importance of selecting the proper fixative for material to be examined for parasites. One of the organisms most strongly suspected when sigmoidoscopy is performed is Entamoeba histolytica, whose morphology is normally seen from the permanent stained smear; however, this identification assumes that RBCs are seen within the cytoplasm of the trophozoites. Duodenal drainage material can be submitted for examination as direct or concentration wet mounts or permanent stained smears, techniques that may reveal the parasites. Examination of urinary sediment is indicated in certain filarial infections. The occurrence of microfilariae in urine has been reported with increasing frequency in Onchocerca volvulus infections in Africa. The identification of Trichomonas vaginalis is usually based on the examination of a wet preparation of vaginal and urethral discharges and prostatic secretions or urine sediment. The efficiency of the polycarbonate membrane filtration technique for detecting Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine is increased by using a pore size of 14 μm and the suction of a water jet pump.
Citation:
Garcia L.
2007.
Examination of Other Specimens from the Intestinal Tract and the Urogenital System,
p 850-858.
In
Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, Fifth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816018.ch29
Figures
Examination of Other Specimens from the Intestinal Tract and the Urogenital System
Citation:
Garcia L.
2007.
Examination of Other Specimens from the Intestinal Tract and the Urogenital System,
p 850-858.
In
Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, Fifth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816018.ch29
/content/10.1128/9781555816018.ch29.ch29fig01
Figure 29.1
Collection of Enterobius vermicularis eggs by the cellulose tape method. (Illustration by Nobuko Kitamura.)
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig1.gif
Figure 29.1
Collection of Enterobius vermicularis eggs by the cellulose tape method. (Illustration by Nobuko Kitamura.)
Citation:
Garcia L.
2007.
Examination of Other Specimens from the Intestinal Tract and the Urogenital System,
p 850-858.
In
Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, Fifth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816018.ch29
/content/10.1128/9781555816018.ch29.ch29fig02
Figure 29.2
Diagram of a commercial kit (Evergreen Scientific) for use in sampling the perianal area for the presence of pin-worm (E. vermicularis) eggs. On the left is the vial containing the sampler, which has sticky tape around the end. Once this is applied to the perianal area and eggs are picked up on the tape, the label area is placed at one end of the slide. The sticky tape is rolled down the slide and attaches to the glass. This device is easy to use and provides an area sufficient for adequate sampling. A minimum of four to six consecutive negative tapes are required to rule out a pinworm infection; most laboratories are accepting four rather than requesting the full six.
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig2.gif
Figure 29.2
Diagram of a commercial kit (Evergreen Scientific) for use in sampling the perianal area for the presence of pin-worm (E. vermicularis) eggs. On the left is the vial containing the sampler, which has sticky tape around the end. Once this is applied to the perianal area and eggs are picked up on the tape, the label area is placed at one end of the slide. The sticky tape is rolled down the slide and attaches to the glass. This device is easy to use and provides an area sufficient for adequate sampling. A minimum of four to six consecutive negative tapes are required to rule out a pinworm infection; most laboratories are accepting four rather than requesting the full six.
Citation:
Garcia L.
2007.
Examination of Other Specimens from the Intestinal Tract and the Urogenital System,
p 850-858.
In
Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, Fifth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816018.ch29
/content/10.1128/9781555816018.ch29.ch29fig03
Figure 29.3
(Top) Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) eggs seen in a Scotch tape preparation; note the football-shaped eggs with one side a bit more flat than the other. In some preparations, eggs are seen that contain fully developed larvae; such eggs are infective. (Middle) Adult female pinworm found on a collection device. Note the large, round esophageal bulb. (Bottom) Adult female pinworm, enlarged anterior end. Note the cephalic expansions around the end of the head, as well as the large, round esophageal bulb.
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig3.gif
Figure 29.3
(Top) Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) eggs seen in a Scotch tape preparation; note the football-shaped eggs with one side a bit more flat than the other. In some preparations, eggs are seen that contain fully developed larvae; such eggs are infective. (Middle) Adult female pinworm found on a collection device. Note the large, round esophageal bulb. (Bottom) Adult female pinworm, enlarged anterior end. Note the cephalic expansions around the end of the head, as well as the large, round esophageal bulb.
Citation:
Garcia L.
2007.
Examination of Other Specimens from the Intestinal Tract and the Urogenital System,
p 850-858.
In
Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, Fifth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816018.ch29
/content/10.1128/9781555816018.ch29.ch29fig04
Figure 29.4
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. (Left) Trophozoite in wet-mount preparation. (Right) Trophozoite in permanent stained smear. Note that the nuclear and cytoplasmic characteristics are more easily seen after staining (trichrome or iron hematoxylin).
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig4.gif
Figure 29.4
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. (Left) Trophozoite in wet-mount preparation. (Right) Trophozoite in permanent stained smear. Note that the nuclear and cytoplasmic characteristics are more easily seen after staining (trichrome or iron hematoxylin).
Citation:
Garcia L.
2007.
Examination of Other Specimens from the Intestinal Tract and the Urogenital System,
p 850-858.
In
Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, Fifth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816018.ch29
/content/10.1128/9781555816018.ch29.ch29fig05
Figure 29.5
Duodenal aspirate specimens. (Top) Giardia lamblia in mucus from a duodenal aspirate stained with trichrome stain. Note the teardrop trophozoites (from the front view) and the darker-staining trophozoites that resemble the curved part of a spoon (side view). Also notice the number of organisms contained within the mucus. (Middle) A Strongyloides stercoralis rhabditiform larva in a wet mount. The genital primordial packet of cells is visible about halfway down the larva on the right side. (Bottom) Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in duodenal aspirate material stained with a modified acid-fast stain.
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig5_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig5.gif
Figure 29.5
Duodenal aspirate specimens. (Top) Giardia lamblia in mucus from a duodenal aspirate stained with trichrome stain. Note the teardrop trophozoites (from the front view) and the darker-staining trophozoites that resemble the curved part of a spoon (side view). Also notice the number of organisms contained within the mucus. (Middle) A Strongyloides stercoralis rhabditiform larva in a wet mount. The genital primordial packet of cells is visible about halfway down the larva on the right side. (Bottom) Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in duodenal aspirate material stained with a modified acid-fast stain.
Citation:
Garcia L.
2007.
Examination of Other Specimens from the Intestinal Tract and the Urogenital System,
p 850-858.
In
Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, Fifth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816018.ch29
/content/10.1128/9781555816018.ch29.ch29fig06
Figure 29.6
Entero-Test capsule for sampling duodenal contents. The device consists of a length of nylon yarn coiled inside a gelatin capsule. The yarn protrudes through one end of the capsule; this end of the line is taped to the side of the patient’s face. The capsule is then swallowed, the gelatin dissolves in the stomach, and the weighted string is carried by peristalsis into the duodenum. (Illustration by Nobuko Kitamura.)
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig6_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig6.gif
Figure 29.6
Entero-Test capsule for sampling duodenal contents. The device consists of a length of nylon yarn coiled inside a gelatin capsule. The yarn protrudes through one end of the capsule; this end of the line is taped to the side of the patient’s face. The capsule is then swallowed, the gelatin dissolves in the stomach, and the weighted string is carried by peristalsis into the duodenum. (Illustration by Nobuko Kitamura.)
Citation:
Garcia L.
2007.
Examination of Other Specimens from the Intestinal Tract and the Urogenital System,
p 850-858.
In
Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, Fifth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816018.ch29
/content/10.1128/9781555816018.ch29.ch29fig07
Figure 29.7
(Upper) Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite. (Illustration by Sharon Belkin.) (Lower) T. vaginalis trophozoites seen in a wet mount preparation.
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig7_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig7.gif
Figure 29.7
(Upper) Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite. (Illustration by Sharon Belkin.) (Lower) T. vaginalis trophozoites seen in a wet mount preparation.
Citation:
Garcia L.
2007.
Examination of Other Specimens from the Intestinal Tract and the Urogenital System,
p 850-858.
In
Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, Fifth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816018.ch29
/content/10.1128/9781555816018.ch29.ch29fig08
Figure 29.8
Membrane filtration system. (Upper) Membrane holder, which can be attached to a syringe for filtration of various types of specimens, particularly urine. (Lower) Package of membranes; different sizes with various mesh sizes are available, depending on the clinical specimen and suspected organism size.
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig8_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig8.gif
Figure 29.8
Membrane filtration system. (Upper) Membrane holder, which can be attached to a syringe for filtration of various types of specimens, particularly urine. (Lower) Package of membranes; different sizes with various mesh sizes are available, depending on the clinical specimen and suspected organism size.
Citation:
Garcia L.
2007.
Examination of Other Specimens from the Intestinal Tract and the Urogenital System,
p 850-858.
In
Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, Fifth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816018.ch29
/content/10.1128/9781555816018.ch29.ch29fig09
Figure 29.9
Schistosoma haematobium eggs from a urine filtration. Note the terminal spines on the eggs. Since the specimens were not preserved prior to filtration, determination of the viability of the eggs is possible. The viability information should be conveyed to the physician as a part of the report.
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig9_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816018/ch29fig9.gif
Figure 29.9
Schistosoma haematobium eggs from a urine filtration. Note the terminal spines on the eggs. Since the specimens were not preserved prior to filtration, determination of the viability of the eggs is possible. The viability information should be conveyed to the physician as a part of the report.
Citation:
Garcia L.
2007.
Examination of Other Specimens from the Intestinal Tract and the Urogenital System,
p 850-858.
In
Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, Fifth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816018.ch29
References
/content/book/10.1128/9781555816018.ch29
1.
al-Rufaie, H. K.,, G. H. Rix,, M. P. Perez Clemente, and, T. al-Shawaf. 1998. Pinworms and postmenopausal bleeding. J. Clin. Pathol. 51: 401– 402.
2.
Arora, V. K.,, N. Singh,, S. Chaturvedi, and, A. Bhatia. 1997. Fine needle aspiration diagnosis of a subcutaneous abscess from Enterobius vermicularis infestation. A case report. Acta Cytol. 41: 1845– 1847.
3.
Avolio, L.,, V. Avoltini,, F. Ceffa, and, R. Bragheri. 1998. Perianal granuloma caused by Enterobius vermicularis: report of a new observation and review of the literature. J. Pediatr. 132: 1055– 1056.
4.
Beal, C.,, R. Goldsmith,, M. Kotby,, M. Sherif,, A. El-Tagi,, A. Farid,, S. Zakaria, and, J. Eapen. 1992. The plastic envelope method, a simplified technique for culture diagnosis of trichomoniasis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 2265– 2268.
5.
Beal, C. B.,, P. Viens,, R. G. L. Grant, and, J. M. Hughes. 1970. A new technique for sampling duodenal contents: demonstration of upper small-bowel pathogens. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 19: 349– 352.
6.
Beverly, A. L.,, M. Venglarik,, B. Cotton, and, J. R. Schwebke. 1999. Viability of Trichomonas vaginalis in transport medium. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 3749– 3750.
7.
Blake, D. R.,, A. Duggan, and, A. Joffe. 1999. Use of spun urine to enhance detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in adolescent women. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 153: 1222– 1225.
8.
Borchardt, K. A. 1994. Trichomoniasis: its clinical significance and diagnostic challenges. Am. Clin. Lab. 13: 20– 21.
9.
Borchardt, K. A.,, and R. F. Smith. 1991. An evaluation of an InPouch TM TV culture method for diagnosing Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Genitourin. Med. 67: 149– 152.
10.
Brooke, M. M.,, and D. Melvin. 1969. Morphology of Diagnostic Stages of Intestinal Parasites of Man. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare publication (HSM) 72-8116. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
11.
Chang, T. H.,, S. Y. Tsing, and, S. Tzang. 1986. Monoclonal antibodies against Trichomonas vaginalis. Hybridoma 5: 43– 51.
12.
Erhan, Y.,, O. Zekioglu,, N. Ozdemir, and, S. Sen. 2000. Unilateral salpingitis due to Enterobius vermicularis. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 19: 188– 189.
13.
Feldmeier, H.,, U. Bienzle,, M. Dietrich, and, H. J. Sievertsen. 1979. Combination of a viability test and a quantification method for Schistosoma haematobium eggs (filtration—trypan blue staining-technique. Tropenmed. Parasitol. 30: 417– 422.
14.
Garcia, L. S. 1999. Practical Guide to Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
15.
Graham, C. F. 1941. A device for the diagnosis of Enterobius infection. Am. J. Trop. Med. 21: 159– 161.
16.
Heine, R. P.,, H. C. Wiesenfeld,, R. L. Sweet, and, S. S. Witkin. 1997. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of distal vaginal specimens: a less invasive strategy for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 24: 985– 987.
17.
Joyner, J. L.,, J. M. Douglas, Jr.,, S. Ragsdale,, M. Foster, and, F. N. Judson. 2000. Comparative prevalence of infection with Trichomonas vaginalis among men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. Sex. Transm. Dis. 27: 236– 240.
18.
Liu, L. X.,, J. Chi,, M. P. Upton, and, L. R. Ash. 1995. Eosinophilic colitis associated with larvae of the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis. Lancet 346: 410– 412.
19.
Madico, G.,, T. C. Quinn,, A. Rompalo,, K. T. McKee, Jr., and, C. A. Grados. 1998. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swab samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 3205– 3210.
20.
Markell, E. K.,, and M. Voge. 1992. Medical Parasitology, 7th ed. The W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
21.
Melvin, D. M.,, and M. M. Brooke. 1974. Laboratory Procedures for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
22.
Ok, Y. Z.,, P. Ertan,, E. Limoncu,, A. Ece, and, B. Ozbakkaloglu. 1999. Relationship between pinworm and urinary tract infections in young girls. APMIS 107: 474– 476.
23.
Paterson, B. A.,, S. N. Tabrizi,, S. M. Garland,, C. K. Fairley, and, F. J. Bowden. 1998. The tampon test for trichomoniasis: a comparison between conventional methods and a polymerase chain reaction for Trichomonas vaginalis in women. Sex. Transm. Infect. 74: 136– 139.
24.
Perl, G. 1972. Errors in the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Obstet. Gynecol. 39: 7– 9.
25.
Peters, P. A.,, A. A. F. Mahmoud,, K. S. Warren,, J. H. Ouma, and, T. K. Arap Siongok. 1976. Field studies of a rapid accurate means of quantifying Schistosoma haematobium eggs in urine samples. Bull. W. H. O. 54: 159– 162.
26.
van der Schee, C.,, A. van Belkum,, L. Zwijgers,, E. van Der Brugge,, E. L. O’Neill,, A. Luijendijk,, T. van Rijsoort-Vos,, W. I. van der Meijden,, H. Verbruch, and, H. J. Sluiters. 1999. Improved diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swabs and urine specimens compared to diagnosis by wet mount microscopy, culture and fluorescent staining. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 4127– 4130.