1887

Chapter 2 : Respiratory Tract Infections

Authors: Peter H. Gilligan1, M. Lynn Smiley3, Daniel S. Shapiro5
VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations: 1: Director, Clinical Microbiology-Immunology Laboratories University of North Carolina Hospitals; 2: Professor, Microbiology-Immunology and Pathology University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514; 3: Senior Vice President of Clinical Research, Trimeris, Inc. Durham, North Carolina; 4: Clinical Professor, Medicine (Infectious Diseases) University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514; 5: Director, Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics Laboratories Boston Medical Center; 6: Associate Professor, Medicine, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
Content Type: Textbook
Publication Year: 2003

Category: Clinical Microbiology; Best-Selling Textbook

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:
Preview Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

Respiratory Tract Infections, Page 1 of 2

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816353/9781555812072_Chap02-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816353/9781555812072_Chap02-2.gif

Abstract:

This section focuses on the two types of respiratory tract infections: upper and lower tract infections. The most common form of upper respiratory tract infection is pharyngitis. Pharyngitis is seen most frequently in children from 2 years of age through adolescence. The most common etiologic agents of pharyngitis are viruses, particularly adenoviruses, and group A streptococci. Pharyngitis due to group A streptococci predisposes individuals to the development of the poststreptococcal sequelae rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Otitis media is a common infectious problem in infants and young children. The most frequently encountered agents of this infection are the bacteria , , and . These along with adenoviruses, and are the common etiologic agents of conjunctivitis. Viruses play an important role in upper respiratory tract infections. The common syndrome of cough and “runny” nose is usually due to rhinoviruses. More severe upper respiratory infections such as the “croup” are due to respiratory syncytial virus and influenza and parainfluenza viruses. When discussing lower respiratory tract infections, it is important to look at four different groups of patients: patients with community-acquired infections; patients with nosocomial infections; patients with underlying lung disease; and immunocompromised individuals, especially those with AIDS. Common agents of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections include ; , especially in alcoholics; , especially in school-age students through young adulthood; , especially in individuals born in countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis; respiratory syncytial virus in infants and young children: and influenza A virus.

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2

Key Concept Ranking

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
0.57678586
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
0.5613939
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
0.4311476
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
0.40714294
Immune Systems
0.40673903
0.57678586
Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

Figures

Respiratory Tract Infections
Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-1
Figure 1
10.1128/9781555816353/fig6-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig6-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-2
Figure 1
10.1128/9781555816353/fig7-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig7-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-3
Figure 2
10.1128/9781555816353/fig7-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig7-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-4
Figure 1
10.1128/9781555816353/fig8-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig8-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-5
Figure 2
10.1128/9781555816353/fig8-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig8-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-6
Figure 3
10.1128/9781555816353/fig8-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig8-3.gif
Image of Figure 3
Figure 3

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-7
Figure 1
10.1128/9781555816353/fig9-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig9-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-8
Figure 1

Influenza test: top well, influenza A;bottom well, influenza B.

10.1128/9781555816353/fig10-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig10-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Influenza test: top well, influenza A;bottom well, influenza B.

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-9
Figure 1
10.1128/9781555816353/fig11-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig11-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-10
Figure 1
10.1128/9781555816353/fig12-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig12-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-11
Figure 2
10.1128/9781555816353/fig12-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig12-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-12
Figure 1
10.1128/9781555816353/fig13-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig13-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-13
Figure 2
10.1128/9781555816353/fig13-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig13-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-14
Figure 3
10.1128/9781555816353/fig13-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig13-3.gif
Image of Figure 3
Figure 3

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-15
Figure 1
10.1128/9781555816353/fig14-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig14-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-16
Figure 2
10.1128/9781555816353/fig14-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig14-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-17
Figure 1
10.1128/9781555816353/fig15-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig15-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-18
Figure 2
10.1128/9781555816353/fig15-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig15-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-19
Figure 1
10.1128/9781555816353/fig16-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig16-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-20
Figure 2
10.1128/9781555816353/fig16-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig16-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-21
Figure 1
10.1128/9781555816353/fig17-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig17-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-22
Figure 2
10.1128/9781555816353/fig17-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig17-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-23
Figure 3
10.1128/9781555816353/fig17-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig17-3.gif
Image of Figure 3
Figure 3

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-24
Figure 4
10.1128/9781555816353/fig17-4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig17-4.gif
Image of Figure 4
Figure 4

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-25
Figure 1
10.1128/9781555816353/fig18-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig18-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-26
Figure 1
10.1128/9781555816353/fig19-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig19-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-27
Figure 2
10.1128/9781555816353/fig19-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig19-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.fig2-28
Figure 1
10.1128/9781555816353/fig20-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/fig20-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2
1. Bisno, A. L. 2001. Acute pharyngitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 344: 205– 211.
2. Bisno, A. L.,, M. A. Gerber,, J. M. Gwaltney, Jr.,, E. L. Kaplan,, and R. H. Schwartz. 1997. Diagnosis and management of Group A streptococcal pharyngitis: a practice guideline. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25: 574– 583.
3. Cunningham, M. W. 2000. Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13: 470– 511.
4. Ebell, M. H.,, M. A. Smith,, H. C. Barry,, K. Ives,, and M. Cary. 2000. Does this patient have strep throat? JAMA 284: 2912– 2918.
5. Kiska, D. L.,, B. Thiede,, J. Caracciolo,, M. Jordan,, D. Johnson,, E. L. Kaplan,, R. P. Gruninger,, J. Lohr,, P. H. Gilligan,, and F. W. Denny. 1997. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in North Carolina: epidemiology, clinical features, and genetic and serologic analysis of causative agents. J. Infect. Dis. 176: 992– 1000.
6. Martin, J. M.,, M. Green,, K. A. Barbadora,, and E. R. Wald. 2002. Erythromycin-resistant group A streptococci in schoolchildren in Pittsburgh. N. Engl. J. Med. 346: 1200– 1206.
7. Seppala, H.,, T. Klaukka,, J. Vupio-Varkila,, A. Muotiala,, H. Helenius,, K. Lager,, P. Huovinen, and the Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistance. 1997. The effect of changes in the consumption of macrolide antibiotics on erythromycin resistance in group A streptococci in Finland. N. Engl. J. Med. 337: 441– 446.
1. Doern, G. V. 2001. Antimicrobial use and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance with Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33( Suppl. 3): S187– S192.
2. Giebink, G. S. 2001. The prevention of pneumococcal disease in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 345: 1177– 1183.
3. Jedrzejas, M. J. 2001. Pneumococcal virulence factors: structure and function. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65: 187– 207.
4. Richter, S. S.,, K. P. Heilmann,, S. L. Coffman,, H. K. Huynh,, A. B. Brueggemann,, M. A. Pfaller,, and G. V. Doern. 2002. The molecular epidemiology of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1994-2000. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34: 330– 339.
5. Schrag, S. J.,, B. Beall,, and S. F. Dowell. 2000. Limiting the spread of the resistant pneumococci: biological and epidemiologic evidence for the effectiveness of alternative interventions. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13: 588– 601.
6. Whitney, C. G.,, M. M. Farley,, J. Hadler,, L. H. Harrison,, C. Lexau,, A. Reingold,, L. Lefkowitz,, P. R. Cieslak,, M. Cetron,, E. R. Zell,, J. H. Jorgenson,, and A. Schuchat for the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Program of the Emerging Infections Program Network. 2000. Increasing prevalence of multidrug- resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 343: 1917– 1924.
1. American Thoracic Society. 2000. Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 161(4 Pt 2): S221– S247.
2. Salpeter, S. R.,, G. D. Sanders,, E. E. Salpeter,, and D. K. Owens. 1997. Monitored isoniazid prophylaxis for low-risk tuberculin reactors older than 35 years of age: a risk-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 127: 1051– 1061.
3. Selwyn, P. A.,, D. Hartel,, V. A. Lewis,, E. E. Schoenbaum,, S. H. Vermund,, R. S. Klein,, A. T. Walker,, and G. H. Friedland. 1989. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 320: 545– 550.
4. Slovis, B. S.,, J. D. Plitman,, and D. W. Haas. 2000. The case against anergy testing as a routine adjunct to tuberculin skin testing. JAMA 283: 2003– 2007.
1. Cherry, J. D.,, and P. Olin. 1999. The science and fiction of pertussis vaccines. Pediatrics 104: 1381– 1383.
2. Guris D.,, P. M. Strebel,, B. Bardenheier,, M. Brennan,, R. Tachdjian,, E. Finch,, M. Wharton,, and J. R. Livengood. 1999. Changing epidemiology of pertussis in the United States: increasing reported incidence among adolescents and adults, 1990-1996. Clin. Infect. Dis. 28: 1230– 1237.
3. Hill, B. C.,, C. N. Baker,, and F. C. Tenover. 2000. A simplified method for testing Bordetella pertussis for resistance to erythromycin and other antimicrobial agents. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 1151– 1155.
4. Loeffelholz, M. J.,, C. J. Thompson,, K. S. Long,, and M. J. R. Gilchrist. 1999. Comparison of PCR, culture and direct fluorescent-antibody testing for detection of Bordetella pertussis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 2872– 2876.
1. Couch, R. B. 2000. Prevention and treatment of influenza. N. Engl. J. Med. 343: 1778– 1787.
2. Cox, N. J.,, and K. Subbarao. 1999. Influenza. Lancet 354: 1277– 1282.
3. Dajani, A. S.,, K. A. Taubert,, M. A. Gerber,, S. T. Shulman,, P. Ferrieri,, M. Freed,, M. Takahashi,, F. Z. Bierman,, A. W. Karchmer,, W. Wilson,, S. H. Rahimtoola,, D. T. Durack,, and G. Peter. 1993. Special report: diagnosis and therapy of Kawasaki disease in children. Circulation 87: 1776– 1780.
4. Horimoto, T.,, and Y. Kawaoka. 2001. Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14: 129– 149.
5. McIntosh, K.,, and T. Lieu. 2000. Is it time to give influenza vaccine to healthy infants? N. Engl. J. Med. 342: 275– 276.
6. Neuzil, K. M.,, B. G. Mellen,, P. F. Wright,, E. F. Mitchel, Jr.,, and M. R. Griffin. 2000. The effect of influenza on hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and courses of antibiotics in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 342: 225– 231.
1. American Academy of Pediatrics. 1996. Reassessments of the indications for ribavirin therapy in respiratory syncytial virus infections. Pediatrics 97: 137– 140.
2. Domachowske, J. B.,, and H. F. Rosenberg. 1999. Respiratory syncytial virus infection: immune response, immunopathogenesis, and treatment. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12: 298– 309.
3. Han, L. L.,, J. P. Alexander,, and L. J. Anderson. 1999. Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia among the elderly: an assessment of disease burden. J. Infect. Dis. 189: 25– 30.
4. Landry, M. L.,, and D. Ferguson. 2000. SimulFluor respiratory screen for rapid detection of multiple respiratory viruses in clinical specimens by immunofluorescence staining. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 708– 711.
5. Shay, D. K.,, R. C. Holman,, R. D. Newman,, L. L. Liu,, J. W. Stout,, and L. J. Anderson. 1999. Bronchiolitis-associated hospitalizations among US children, 1990-1996. JAMA 282: 1440– 1446.
6. Sullender, W. M. 2000. Respiratory syncytial virus genetic and antigenic diversity. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13: 1– 15.
1. Benson, R. F.,, P. W. Tang,, and B. S. Fields. 2000. Evaluation of Binax and BioTest urinary antigen kits for detection of Legionnaires’ disease due to multiple serogroups and species of Legionella. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 2763– 2765.
2. Cloud, J. L.,, K. C. Carroll,, P. Pixton,, M. Erali,, and D. R. Hillyard. 2000. Detection of Legionella species in respiratory specimens using PCR with sequencing confirmation. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 1709– 1712.
3. Stout, J. E.,, and V. L. Yu. 1997. Legionellosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 337: 682– 687.
1. Hadley, W. E.,, and V. L. Ng,. 1999. Pneumocystis, p. 1200– 1211. In P. R. Murray (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 7th ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
2. Kaplan, J. E.,, D. Hanson,, M. S. Dworkin,, T. Frederick,, J. Berolli,, M. L. Lindgren,, S. Holmberg,, and J. L. Jones. 2000. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30: S5– S14.
3. Masur, H.,, and J. Kaplan. 1999. Does Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis still need to be lifelong? N. Engl. J. Med. 340: 1356– 1358.
4. Nuesch, R.,, C. Bellini,, and W. Zimmerli. 1999. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative immunocompromised patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 29: 1513– 1523.
5. Sing, A.,, K. Trebesius,, A. Roggenkamp,, H. Russmann,, K. Tybus,, F. Pfaff,, J. R. Bogner,, C. Emminger,, and J. Heesemann. 2000. Evaluation of diagnostic value and epidemiological implications of PCR for Pneumocystis carinii in different immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patient groups. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 1461– 1467.
6. Vargas, S. L.,, C. A. Ponce,, F. Gigliotti,, A. V. Ulloa,, S. Prieto,, M. P. Munoz,, and W. T. Hughes. 2000. Transmission of Pneumocystis carinii DNA from a patient with P. carinii pneumonia to immunocompetent contact health care workers. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 1536– 1538.
1. Denning, D. W. 1998. Invasive aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26: 781– 803; quiz 804– 805.
2. Stevens, D. A.,, V. L. Kan,, M. A. Judson,, V. A. Morrison,, S. Dummer,, D. W. Denning,, J. E. Bennett,, T. J. Walsh,, T. F. Patterson,, G. A. Pankey, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000. Practice guidelines for diseases caused by Aspergillus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30: 696– 709.
1. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. 2001. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 3-2001. A 59-year-old diabetic man with unilateral visual loss and oculomotor-nerve palsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 344: 286– 293.
2. Kontoyiannis, D. P.,, V. C. Wessel,, G. P. Bodey,, and K. V. Rolston. 2000. Zygomycosis in the 1990s in a tertiary-care cancer center. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30: 851– 856.
3. Lee, F. Y.,, S. B. Mossad,, and K. A. Adal. 1999. Pulmonary mucormycosis: the last 30 years. Arch. Intern. Med. 159: 1301– 1309.
4. Ribes, J. A.,, C. L. Vanover-Sams,, and D. J. Baker. 2000. Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13: 236– 301.
1. Chapman, S. W.,, R. W. Bradsher, Jr.,, G. D. Campbell, Jr.,, P. G. Pappas,, and C. A. Kauffman. 2000. Practice guidelines for the management of patients with blastomycosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30: 679– 683.
2. Klein, B. S.,, J. M. Vergeront,, A. F. DiSalvo,, L. Kaufman,, and J. P. Davis. 1987. Two outbreaks of blastomycosis along rivers in Wisconsin. Isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis from riverbank soil and evidence of its transmission along waterways. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136: 1333– 1338.
3. Pappas, P. G.,, R. W. Bradsher,, C. A. Kauffman,, G. A. Cloud,, C. J. Thomas,, G. D. Campbell, Jr.,, S. W. Chapman,, C. Newman,, W. E. Dismukes, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. 1997. Treatment of blastomycosis with higher doses of fluconazole. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25: 200– 205.
4. Witorsch, P.,, and J. P. Utz. 1968. North American blastomycosis: a study of 40 patients. Medicine 47: 169– 200.
1. Duong, T. A. 1996. Infection due to Penicillium marneffei, an emerging pathogen: review of 155 reported cases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23: 125– 130.
2. Galgiani, J. N.,, N. M. Ampel,, A. Catanzaro,, R. H. Johnson,, D. A. Stevens,, and P. L. Williams. 2000. Practice guidelines for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30: 658– 661.
3. Jones, J. L.,, P. L. Fleming,, C. A. Ciesielski,, D. J. Hu,, J. E. Kaplan,, and J. W. Ward. 1995. Coccidioidomycosis among persons with AIDS in the United States. J. Infect. Dis. 171: 961– 966.
4. Rosenstein, N. E.,, K. W. Emery,, S. B. Werner,, A. Kao,, R. Johnson,, D. Rogers,, D. Vugia,, A. Reingold,, R. Talbot,, B. D. Plikaytis,, B. A. Perkins,, and R. A. Hajjeh. 2001. Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995-1996. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32: 708– 715.
5. Stevens, D. A. 1995. Coccidioidomycosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 332: 1077– 1082.
1. Erice, A. 1999. Resistance of human cytomegalovirus to antiviral drugs. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12: 286– 297.
2. Patel, R.,, and C. V. Paya. 1997. Infections in solid-organ transplant recipients. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10: 86– 124.
3. Sia, I. G.,, and R. Patel. 2000. New strategies for the prevention and therapy of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in solid-organ transplant recipients. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13: 83– 121.
1. Efstratiou, A.,, K. H. Engler,, I. Z. Mazurova,, T. Glushkevich,, J. Vuopio- Varkila,, and T. Popovic. 2000. Current approaches to the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria. J. Infect. Dis. 181( Suppl. 1): S138– S145.
2. Galazka, A. 2000. The changing epidemiology of diphtheria in the vaccine era. J. Infect. Dis. 181( Suppl. 1): S2– S9.
3. Holmes, R. K. 2000. Biology and molecular epidemiology of diphtheria toxin and the tox gene. J. Infect. Dis. 181( Suppl. 1): S156– S167.
4. Vitek, C. B.,, and M. Wharton. 2000. Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union: reemergence of a pandemic disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4: 539– 549.
1. Jongwutiwes, S.,, M. Charoenkorn,, P. Sitthichareonchai,, P. Akaraborvorn,, and C. Putaporntip. 1999. Increased sensitivity of routine laboratory detection of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm by agar-plate culture. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 93: 398– 400.
2. Link, K.,, and R. Orenstein. 1999. Bacterial complications of strongyloidiasis: Streptococcus bovis meningitis. South. Med. J. 92: 728– .
3. Mahmoud, A. A. 1996. Strongyloidiasis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23: 949– 952.

Tables

Respiratory Tract Infections
Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2
/content/10.1128/9781555816353.chap2.tab2
TABLE 2

SELECTED RESPIRATORY TRACT PATHOGENS

10.1128/9781555816353/tab2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816353/tab2.gif
Generic image for table
TABLE 2

SELECTED RESPIRATORY TRACT PATHOGENS

Citation: Gilligan P, Smiley M, Shapiro D. 2003. Respiratory Tract Infections, p 55-142. In Cases in Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816353.ch2

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error